born again, born from above

The Greek that is translated “born again” or “born from above” in English is translated in Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac as “have new life,” in Tenango Otomi as “live anew,” in Tojolabal as “become new like a little baby” (source: M. Larson / B. Moore in Notes on Translation February 1970, p. 1-125), or in Iu Mien as ganh siang-yungz jiex or “again newly-born pass-through” (source: Arisawa 2017, p. 515)

The English The Translator’s New Testament (publ. 1973) translates this term in a way to cover both sides of its ambiguity: reborn from above.

The now commonly-used English idiom “born again” (meaning to be revived) was first coined in 1382 in the English translation by John Wycliffe (in the spelling borun ayen). (Source: Crystal 2010, p. 288)

For other idioms in English that were coined by Bible translation, see here.

truly truly - I tell you

The Greek that is often translated in English as “truly, truly, I tell you” or similar is translated in the Russian BTI translation (publ. 2015) as Поверьте Мне (Pover’te Mne) or “trust me.” (Source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)

See also Amen.

Religious leaders sought him out to find answers to life's deepest questions

“It is unusual for anyone to seek out another at night unless it is desired to be kept secret. Betel nut and condiments are laid out to welcome the guest even at the late hour. Nicodemus’s robe and bared shoulder show he is a religious devotee.”

Drawing by Sawai Chinnawong who employs northern and central Thailand’s popular distinctive artistic style originally used to depict Buddhist moral principles and other religious themes; explanation by Paul DeNeui. From That Man Who Came to Save Us by Sawai Chinnawong and Paul H. DeNeui, William Carey Library, 2010.

For more images by Sawai Chinnawong in TIPs see here.

The following 1973 painting “Nicodemus” of the JESUS MAFA project is a response to New Testament readings from the Lectionary by a Christian community in Cameroon, Africa. Each of the readings was selected and adapted to dramatic interpretation by the community members. Photographs of their interpretations were made, and these were then transcribed to paintings:

Here we see Jesus patiently teaching about the kingdom of God to a perplexed Nicodemus, whose hands are in a gesture of questioning. Nicodemus has, like so many before and since, gotten caught up in the literal and limited understanding of the scriptures. Jesus attempted to explain the nature of reality in different terms that thereby he (and we) might be transformed. The boundaries we place on ourselves can be escaped if only we are brave enough to venture beyond them. Shall we remain in the cover of night with Nicodemus or step into the light that Jesus offers?

From Art in the Christian Tradition , a project of the Vanderbilt Divinity Library, Nashville, TN. Image retrieved March 23, 2026. Original source: librairie-emmanuel.fr.

kingdom (of God / heaven) (God's new world)

In the German Gute Nachricht (Good News) translation of 1982, this occurrence of the Greek term which is translated in most English versions of “kingdom (of God or heaven)” is translated with “God’s new world” (Gottes neue Welt). The das Buch translation by Roland Werner (publ. 2009-2022), also in German, translates these occurrences as “God’s new reality” (about Werner’s translation, see here .

For an explanation of the differentiated translation in German as well as translation choices in a number of languages, see Kingdom (of God / heaven).

complete verse (John 3:3)

Following are a number of back-translations of John 3:3:

  • Uma: “Yesus said saying to him: ‘These my words are very true: if a person is not born again, he will not become a subject of God in his Kingdom.'” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “Isa answered he said, ‘Truly I tell you, if a person is not born again, he is not able to see the ruling of God/kingdom of God.'” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And Jesus answered saying, ‘What I say to you is true that a person can only be included among the people whom God rules over if he allows himself to be born again.'” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “‘This that I tell you (sing.) is true,’ said Jesus in reply. ‘If a person is not born again, he can not join-in-experiencing God’s ruling.'” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “Jesus answered, saying, ‘This really is the truth which I will tell you. No-one can be included in the kingdom of God unless he has been given birth to again.'” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “Jesus said, ‘Truly I tell you that he who doesn’t live anew cannot be in God’s hand.'” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)

Honorary "rare" construct denoting God ("answer")

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Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the usage of an honorific construction where the morpheme rare (られ) is affixed on the verb as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. This is particularly done with verbs that have God as the agent to show a deep sense of reverence. Here, kotae-rare-ru (答えられる) or “answer” is used.

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )