The Greek that is often translated in English as “devout” (or “pious”) is translated in various ways:
- Lalana Chinantec: “[people who] revere God”
- Chichimeca-Jonaz: “[people who] obey and worship God”
- Eastern Highland Otomi: “[people who] remember God”
- San Mateo del Mar Huave: “worshipers of God”
- Tzotzil: “[people who] are zealously doing what they think is God’s word”
- Mezquital Otomi: “[people who] very much believe what they have been taught about God” (source for this and five above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)
- Chichewa interconfessional translation, publ. 1999: “[people who] love God” (source: Wendland 1998, p. 90)
- Uma: “[people who] submit to Lord God” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
- Yakan: “very religious” (source: Yakan Back Translation)
- Western Bukidnon Manobo: “[people who] are faithful in carrying out the commands of God” (source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
- Kankanaey: “[people who] are serving God” (source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
- Tagbanwa: “[people who] are indeed devout-worshipers of God” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
- Bariai: “[people who] respect God” (source: Bariai Back Translation)
- Kupsabiny: “[people who] have dedicated themselves to God” (source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
- German: “God-fearing” (gottesfürchtig) or “pious” (fromm)
- Low German translation by Johannes Jessen, publ. 1933, republ. 2006: “[people who] take their faith very seriously” (source for this and above: Zetzsche)
- Hausa Common Language Bible: “owners of worshiping God” (source: Hausa Common Language Bible Back Translation)
- Hiligaynon: “godly” (source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
See also righteous / righteousness.
The Greek that is translated as “principalities” or “rulers” in English is translated in various ways:
The Hebrew and Greek that is translated in English as “sour wine” or “vinegar” is translated in the following ways:
- North Alaskan Inupiatun: “wine”
- Navajo (Dinė): “sour grape juice”
- Aguaruna: “bitter drink”
- Yatzachi Zapotec: “cheap wine” (source for this and above: M. Larson / B. Moore in Notes on Translation February 1970, p. 1-125.)
- Noongar: “sour / bitter water” (source: Bardip Ruth-Ang 2020)
- Chichewa “spoiled wine” (vinyo wosasa — the word “wosasa” is used to refer to any food or drink that has become bad and produces bad smell because it has either overstayed or exposed to bacteria and other infections) (source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)
- Bariai: “sour wine juice” (source: Bariai Back Translation)
- Cherokee: “sour” (source: Bender / Belt 2025, p. 16)
See also proceeds from the vine / anything that comes from the grapevine and wine.
The Greek in Acts 2:17 that is translated as “in the last days” in English is translated as
- “there will be a day” (Eastern Highland Otomi)
- “when the world is about to turn around” (Isthmus Mixe)
- “when the time comes that the sky will soon perish” (Lalana Chinantec)
- “when it will nearly be time for the world to come to an end” (Chichimeca-Jonaz)
- “while the last day is near” (Tzotzil)
- “close to when the end comes” (Huichol) (source for this and one above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)
- “at the [time of] the end of the world (Uma) (source: Uma Back Translation)
- “day later and very much later” (Bariai) (source: Bariai Back Translation)
The Greek that is translated as “grieving” or “sorrowful” in English is often translated metaphorically:
- “his stomach died” (Mezquital Otomi)
- “he was heavy in his stomach” (Uduk)
- “his heart was pained” (Kpelle)
- “he was sick in his mind” (Amganad Ifugao)
- “his heart hung” (Loma)
- “his heart was spoiled” (Mossi) (source for this and all above: Bratcher / Nida 1961)
- “his interior was crying” (Bariai) (source: Bariai Back Translation)
- “heart got shocked” (Kupsabiny) (source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
- “insides/heart-became-bad” (Mairasi ) (source: Enggavoter 2004)
See also sorrow and Seat of the Mind for traditional views of “ways of knowing, thinking, and feeling.”
The Greek that is often translated as “patriarchs” in English is translated as
- “first old fathers” in Isthmus Zapotec
- “the ancient fathers” in Tzeltal / Highland Totonac
- “the old important people who lived long ago were forefathers of the Israelites” in Yatzachi Zapotec
- “the 12 sons of Jacob” Central Tarahumara
- “the fathers from way back when” in Chicahuaxtla Triqui (source for this and above: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.)
- “chiefs over each of the clans of Israel” in Bariai (source: Bariai Back Translation)
- “our twelve grandfathers” in Kupsabiny (source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
- “twelve children from where Jews came-from” in Hiligaynon (source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
The Greek that is translated as “licentiousness” and “impurity” or similar in English is translated in Bariai as “following behavior like dogs.” (Source: Bariai Back Translation)
In Ephesians 4:19 this is translated in the Catholic Mandarin Chinese Sigao version with a historical Chinese idiom: zòngqíng zìyù (縱情恣慾 / 纵情恣欲) or “follow desires.” (Source: Toshikazu S. Foley in Hong Kong Journal of Catholic Studies, 2011, p. 45ff.)
See also adultery.
The Hebrew and Greek that is translated as “will fight for you (or: us)” in English is translated in Bariai as “will put a fence around you” (source: Bariai Back Translation).
Sere also fight for your kin, your sons, your daughters, your wives, and your homes (image).
