Language-specific Insights

sour wine / vinegar

The Hebrew and Greek that is translated in English as “sour wine” or “vinegar” is translated in the following ways:

  • North Alaskan Inupiatun: “wine”
  • Navajo (Dinė): “sour grape juice”
  • Aguaruna: “bitter drink”
  • Yatzachi Zapotec: “cheap wine” (source for this and above: M. Larson / B. Moore in Notes on Translation February 1970, p. 1-125.)
  • Noongar: “sour / bitter water” (source: Bardip Ruth-Ang 2020)
  • Chichewa “spoiled wine” (vinyo wosasa — the word “wosasa” is used to refer to any food or drink that has become bad and produces bad smell because it has either overstayed or exposed to bacteria and other infections) (source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)
  • Bariai: “sour wine juice” (source: Bariai Back Translation)
  • Cherokee: “sour” (source: Bender / Belt 2025, p. 16)

See also proceeds from the vine / anything that comes from the grapevine and wine.

in the last days

The Greek in Acts 2:17 that is translated as “in the last days” in English is translated as

  • “there will be a day” (Eastern Highland Otomi)
  • “when the world is about to turn around” (Isthmus Mixe)
  • “when the time comes that the sky will soon perish” (Lalana Chinantec)
  • “when it will nearly be time for the world to come to an end” (Chichimeca-Jonaz)
  • “while the last day is near” (Tzotzil)
  • “close to when the end comes” (Huichol) (source for this and one above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)
  • “at the [time of] the end of the world (Uma) (source: Uma Back Translation)
  • “day later and very much later” (Bariai) (source: Bariai Back Translation)

grieving

The Greek that is translated as “grieving” or “sorrowful” in English is often translated metaphorically:

  • “his stomach died” (Mezquital Otomi)
  • “he was heavy in his stomach” (Uduk)
  • “his heart was pained” (Kpelle)
  • “he was sick in his mind” (Amganad Ifugao)
  • “his heart hung” (Loma)
  • “his heart was spoiled” (Mossi) (source for this and all above: Bratcher / Nida 1961)
  • “his interior was crying” (Bariai) (source: Bariai Back Translation)
  • “heart got shocked” (Kupsabiny) (source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
  • “insides/heart-became-bad” (Mairasi ) (source: Enggavoter 2004)

See also sorrow and Seat of the Mind for traditional views of “ways of knowing, thinking, and feeling.”

patriarchs

The Greek that is often translated as “patriarchs” in English is translated as

  • “first old fathers” in Isthmus Zapotec
  • “the ancient fathers” in Tzeltal / Highland Totonac
  • “the old important people who lived long ago were forefathers of the Israelites” in Yatzachi Zapotec
  • “the 12 sons of Jacob” Central Tarahumara
  • “the fathers from way back when” in Chicahuaxtla Triqui (source for this and above: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.)
  • “chiefs over each of the clans of Israel” in Bariai (source: Bariai Back Translation)
  • “our twelve grandfathers” in Kupsabiny (source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
  • “twelve children from where Jews came-from” in Hiligaynon (source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)

licentiousness

The Greek that is translated as “licentiousness” and “impurity” or similar in English is translated in Bariai as “following behavior like dogs.” (Source: Bariai Back Translation)

In Ephesians 4:19 this is translated in the Catholic Mandarin Chinese Sigao version with a historical Chinese idiom: zòngqíng zìyù (縱情恣慾 / 纵情恣欲) or “follow desires.” (Source: Toshikazu S. Foley in Hong Kong Journal of Catholic Studies, 2011, p. 45ff.)

See also adultery.

sponge

The Greek that is translated (or transliterated) in English as “sponge” is translated in Chol as “water absorber” (source: John Beekman in Notes on Translation, March 1965, p. 2ff.), in Mairasi as “coral flower” (source: Enggavoter 2004), in Bariai as “sea sponge” (source: Bariai Back Translation), and in Cherokee as “mushroom” (source: Bender / Belt 2025, p. 16).

submit to God

The Greek in James 4:7 that is translated as “submit to God” in English is translated as

  • “let God be in charge of your hearts” in Tzotzil
  • “calm down before God” in Guhu-Samane
  • “obey God” in Mezquital Otomi
  • “give oneself over to God” in Sayula Popoluca
  • “stick close to God” in Alekano (source for this and above: Ellis Deibler in Notes on Translation July, 1967, p. 5ff.)
  • “you must be living underneath God and so be listening to/obeying his voice” in Bariai (source: Bariai Back Translation)
  • “pay tribute to Above-One” in Mairasi (source: Enggavoter 2004)

See also not submit to God’s righteousness.