blaspheme, blasphemy

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The Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, Ge’ez, and Latin that is translated as “blasphemy” or “blaspheme” is translated in various forms:

mercy

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The Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, Ge’ez, and Latin terms that are typically translated as “mercy” (or “compassion” or “kindness”) in English are translated in various ways. Bratcher / Nida classify them in (1) those based on the quality of heart, or other psychological center, (2) those which introduce the concept of weeping or extreme sorrow, (3) those which involve willingness to look upon and recognize the condition of others, or (4) those which involve a variety of intense feelings.

While the English mercy originates from the Latin merces, originally “price paid,” Romance languages (Italian, Spanish, Corsican, Catalan, Friulian) and other Germanic languages (German, Swedish, Danish — Barmherzigkeit, barmhärtighet and barmhjertighed, respectively) tend to follow the Latin misericordia, lit. “misery-heart.”

Here are some other (back-) translations:

See also steadfast love and Seat of the Mind / Seat of Emotions.

complete verse (1 Timothy 1:13)

Following are a number of back-translations of 1 Timothy 1:13:

  • Uma: “Formerly I disparaged Yesus, I was really all-out to persecute his followers. But even so, he loved me, for at that time I did not yet believe in him, so I didn’t know the meaning/use of what I was doing.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “Isa Almasi commissioned me even though formerly I spoke evil of him, and his followers were also persecuted by me and shamed by me. But I was pitied by him even though like that was my doing because I had not yet trusted in him therefore I didn’t know that those deeds of mine were bad/evil.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “A long time ago my words concerning Him were bad; I tormented His disciples and I spoke in rejection of Him. But in spite of that, He pities me for I carried out my evil doings because of the fact that I did not yet know the true doctrine, and I did not yet believe in Him.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “He did that even though previously, I was-speaking-evil-about him and at-the-same-time hardshipping and insulting (him). But God had-mercy-on me anyway, because previously I had not yet believed so I didn’t know that what I was doing was bad.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “In the past, my insulting/belittling him was really far-from-ordinary, I was insolent to those who believed in him, and I persecuted them without pity. But although what I did was like that, the Lord indeed just showed me grace/mercy, because those things I did, I did because I had no belief in him. I didn’t realize that it was in fact against the will of God.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “He made me his worker even though I looked on him with hate before. For I spoke evil of him and I persecuted the people who believed in him. But God was merciful to me. Because God knows that I didn’t know what I was doing when I was not yet a believer.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)

Translation commentary on 1 Timothy 1:13

Here Paul recalls a time in the past, particularly the stage in his life when he had his first contact with the Christian movement. Formerly clearly refers to the time when Paul was not yet a Christian, since he describes his condition at that time as acting out of ignorance and unbelief. Formerly may also be expressed as “before I became a Christian” or “during the time before I believed in Christ.” It will also be helpful in some languages to begin this verse with the words “He (or, God) did this even though…,” and the phrase though I formerly may be alternatively expressed as “God did this, even though before I became a Christian I….”

Regarding his relationship to Christ and the Christian movement, he uses three nouns to describe himself: a “blasphemer,” a “persecutor,” and “a man of violence” (so New Revised Standard Version). Blasphemed: in the Bible, “blasphemy” can sometimes have the meaning of claiming power and authority that are ascribed only to God. An example of this was when Jesus was accused of blasphemy after he pronounced the forgiveness of the sins of the sick man who was let down through the roof (see Mark 2.1-12, especially verses 5 and 6). However, the more usual meaning of “blasphemy” is speaking evil against God, although it is also possible to “blaspheme” against other people. In the present context God is the most likely object of the blasphemy. Persecuted comes from the verb “to pursue,” or “to treat badly.” There are various references in the New Testament that tell how Paul was indeed a persecutor of the church (see, for example, Acts 8.1-3). Insulted translates a Greek word used to describe a person who is aggressive, rude, insolent, and as a result treats others cruelly and with violence (so New Revised Standard Version “a man of violence,” and Contemporary English Version “I was cruel”). This must be related in some way to Paul’s act of persecuting the church. The text is silent as to who was the victim of these cruel actions; both Revised Standard Version and Good News Translation identify this implicit victim as Christ, although it may very well be the Christian community. In languages where the goal or recipient of the action must be made explicit, translators are recommended to identify Christ as the more likely recipient of Paul’s persecution. Insulted has a similar meaning to blasphemed. In some languages one may say something like “called him [Christ] bad names.”

Despite all these, Paul was spared judgment (he received mercy) because he acted in ignorance and unbelief. I received mercy translates an aorist passive of a verb that means to show kindness or concern for people, especially those who are in need. The implicit source of mercy may either be God (as, for example, in Good News Translation) or Christ. Retaining the passive form as well as identifying the agent as “the Lord” would leave the text ambiguous (see, for example, New English Bible “the grace of our Lord was lavished upon me”). In languages that do not use the passive voice and must identify the agent of the action, Christ is the more likely agent, as he has been mentioned from the beginning of verse 12. One may thus translate “But he [Christ] had mercy on me (or, was kind to me).”

Paul’s preconversion state is described as characterized by ignorance and unbelief. This latter term (unbelief) could not have God as its object, since Jews do believe in God. Clearly then the implicit object of unbelief is Jesus Christ, and this is logical since, as already stated, this verse is referring to Paul’s pre-Christian state. The word for ignorance can be used to describe a state of failure to understand, but in the present context it refers to not having information on something or someone, and Good News Translation‘s translation “did not know what I was doing” is a good translation model. As in the case of unbelief, it is very likely that what is meant here is not ignorance about God but rather ignorance about Jesus Christ and perhaps about the nature of the Christian community.

An alternative translation model for this verse is:
• He [Christ] did this, even though before I became a Christian I used to say evil and insulting words about him. But Christ was merciful to me because I had not yet believed in him and I didn’t know what I was doing.

Quoted with permission from Arichea, Daniel C. and Hatton, Howard A. A Handbook on Paul’s First Letter to Timothy. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1995. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

Commentaire sur la traduction de 1 Timothée 1.13

moi qui étais auparavant blasphémateur : bien que 1 Tim 1.13 continue la phrase débutée en 1 Tim 1.12, la Parole de Vie commence ici une nouvelle phrase : « Pourtant, avant, je l’avais insulté… ». Il s’agit en effet d’un participe « [moi] étant blasphémateur ».

auparavant signifie « avant de devenir chrétien » ou « avant de croire au Christ ». Dans certaines langues, il sera bon d’insérer une conjonction plus forte, comme dans la Parole de Vie ci-dessus. On pourrait aussi dire « autrefois » ou utiliser un idéophone.

En français, blasphémateur est lié au nom « blasphème », qui désigne une parole qui outrage Dieu, une divinité ou quelque chose de sacré. En grec, le terme βλάσφημος blasphêmos, utilisé et en 2 Tim 3.2, ainsi que des mots apparentés (1 Tim 1.20 ; 1 Tim 6.1, 1 Tim 6.4 ; Tite 2.5 ; 3.2), désignent l’action de dire du mal, soit d’une personne surnaturelle, soit d’un être humain. Le texte ne mentionne pas vers qui Paul est blasphémateur, mais la majorité des versions comprennent qu’il s’agit de Dieu. La Traduction œcuménique de la Bible, la Nouvelle Bible Segond et la Bible de Jérusalem ne rendent pas explicite ce fait, mais plusieurs versions le font : « bien que j’aie dit du mal de lui » (Bible en français courant), « je l’avais insulté » (Parole de Vie), « moi qui… l’ai offensé ». Certaines langues auront une expression idiomatique, comme « gâter le nom ».

et persécuteur : le terme grec διώκτης diôktês, ne se trouve qu’ici dans tout le NT, mais le verbe apparenté est très fréquent. Voir Act 9.4,5 ; 22.7,8 ; 26.11,14,15 ; 1 Cor 15.9 ; Gal 1.13,23 ; Phil 3.6. Avant sa conversion, Paul persécutait avec ardeur les différentes communautés chrétiennes. Un persécuteur brutalise, attaque ou fait du mal exprès aux autres, que ce soit physiquement ou verbalement. Bien que la La Bible du Semeur propose que Paul persécute Dieu, il vaut mieux comprendre qu’il persécute les chrétiens.

violent, un mot qui ne paraît qu’ici et en Rom 1.30, parle d’hostilité ou d’agressivité d’une personne envers les autres. La Bible de Jérusalem parle d’« un insulteur », mais on pourrait aussi dire « insolent » (Nouvelle Bible Segond). Il est difficile de savoir si cette agressivité était contre des gens ou Dieu. La Bible en français courant opte pour la dernière interprétation : « bien que… je l’aie… insulté ». Mais l’un n’exclut pas l’autre. La violence que Paul pratiquait contre les chrétiens (Act 9.2) était en même temps une violence contre le Seigneur (Act 9.4).

Mais il m’a été fait miséricorde : ici, le texte grec a la plus forte des deux conjonctions de contraste, ἀλλά alla. Paul insiste sur la différence entre sa conduite antérieure et sa conduite actuelle. On pourrait dire Mais ou « cependant » (Nouvelle Bible Segond). Certaines versions commencent une nouvelle phrase, mais d’autres laissent couler la phrase.

il m’a été fait miséricorde est littéralement « j’ai été traité avec compassion ». La Bible en français courant et la Parole de Vie introduisent Dieu comme agent : « Dieu a eu pitié de moi », mais en regardant le texte, il semble s’agir plutôt du « Seigneur » ou de « Jésus Christ » (Bible de Jérusalem). Le verbe ἐλεέω eleeô, « avoir compassion, pitié », revient très souvent dans le NT. Voir par exemple Matt 5.7 ; Rom 9.18 ; 2 Cor 4.1 ; Phil 2.27, parmi d’autres.

parce que j’ai agi par ignorance, est littéralement « parce-que ne-sachant-pas, j’ai fait dans [ou “par”] incrédulité ». Paul agissait ainsi parce qu’il ne connaissait pas Jésus-Christ comme Seigneur et Sauveur. Il faut rappeler que dans l’AT, il y avait parfois une distinction entre des péchés commis par inadvertance, c’est-à-dire involontairement, et ceux commis volontairement. Voir Nomb 15.22-31 ; Lév 4.13ss. La Parole de Vie est très dynamique ici : « J’agissais ainsi sans savoir ce que je faisais ». La Nouvelle Français courant dit « je n’avais pas conscience de ce que je faisais ».

n’ayant pas la foi est littéralement « j’ai fait en ἀπιστία apistia », avec le préfixe négatif a– suivi du mot πιστία pistia. Cela veut dire que Paul a agi sans avoir la foi, c’est-à-dire avant de l’avoir. Pour foi, voir 1 Tim 1.2. On pourrait dire « parce que je ne croyais pas [encore] en Jésus Christ ». La Bible en français courant inverse les deux dernières propositions disant « …parce que j’étais privé de la foi et ne savais donc pas ce que je faisais ».

Source: Zogbo, Lynell & Ellingworth, Paul La première lettre à Timothée – Manuel de traduction – Commentaire linguistique et exégétique de la Bible. Alliance biblique universelle, 2021.

SIL Translator's Notes on 1 Timothy 1:13

1:13a

I was formerly: Paul was referring to the time before he committed his life to Christ. In some languages it may be necessary to make this explicit. For example:

before I believed in Christ, I was…

formerly: This means that the following things were things that Paul used to do in the past, before he became a Christian.

a blasphemer: Paul was not saying here that he cursed God. Instead, he was saying that he spoke evil about Jesus and said that Jesus was not the Messiah sent by God. You may need to make this clear in your translation.

1:13b

a persecutor: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as persecutor in this situation refers to a person who uses physical abuse. See Acts 8:3 for details of how Paul (then called Saul) persecuted Christians.

In your language it may be necessary to say whom Paul persecuted. There are two possible objects for this verb:

(1) Paul persecuted believers. Paul said in Acts 22:4 that he persecuted believers by searching for them and arresting them. Then, he took them to the people in authority who put them in prison or punished them in other ways. For example, the New Living Translation (2004 Revision) says:

I hunted down his people.

(2) Paul persecuted Christ. For example, the New Century Version says:

I spoke against Christ and persecuted him.

(New Century Version, Good News Translation, Revised Standard Version, Revised English Bible, Contemporary English Version, God’s Word)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1) and say that Paul persecuted believers.

1:13c

a violent man: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as violent man describes a person who behaves violently and speaks insolently and without respect. This word is also found in Romans 1:30 (third word in the list). Here in 1:13b, it implies that Paul acted cruelly and violently against the Christians whom he was persecuting.

1:13d

yet: This phrase shows the contrast between the sort of person Paul was and the way that God treated him. You should express this contrast in the way that is most natural in your language.

because: Paul was not implying that, because he had “acted in ignorance and unbelief,” his actions were not sinful. Instead, Paul was explaining the reason that Christ had shown him mercy, that is, because he “acted in ignorance and unbelief.”

I had acted in ignorance: Paul had not been sinning against God deliberately. In some languages it may be necessary to specify what Paul was ignorant of. If this is true in your language, choose something very general. For example, the Good News Translation says:

I…did not know what I was doing

1:13e

unbelief: When Paul said that he had acted in unbelief, he did not mean that before he became a Christian he did not believe in God. Rather, he was saying that he did not yet believe that Christ was the Savior whom God had sent. When he persecuted Christians, Paul actually believed that he was pleasing God.

1:13f

I was shown mercy: When Paul said that he was shown mercy, he meant that he was not judged or punished as he deserved.

Paul did not say who showed him mercy. However in some languages, it will be necessary to specify this. Scholars do not agree about whom Paul meant:

(1) He meant Christ. For example, the Contemporary English Version says:

But he [Christ Jesus] had mercy on me…

(2) He meant God. For example, the Good News Translation says:

But God was merciful to me

(Good News Translation, New Century Version, New Living Translation (2004 Revision))

Christ is called “our Lord” in 1:12a. Also the phrase I was shown mercy seems to mean almost the same thing as “the grace of our Lord was poured out on me” in 1:14a. For these reasons, if it is necessary for you to specify who had shown mercy to Paul, it is recommended that you follow interpretation (1) and say that it was Jesus who showed him mercy.

mercy: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as mercy also refers to God’s kindness and compassion toward people. But mercy emphasizes that God is kind and does not punish someone who deserves it.

General Comment on 1:13d–f

In the Greek text, the order is: (1:13f) Christ was merciful because (1:13d) Paul acted in ignorance and (1:13e) unbelief. In some languages it may be better to reorder these parts of the verse. Another way to do this would be:

13eI did not yet believe in Christ 13dand so I did not understand that what I was doing was wrong. 13cBecause of this Christ was merciful to me.

© 2003 by SIL International®

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All Scripture quotations in this publication, unless otherwise indicated, are from The Holy Bible, Berean Standard Bible. BSB is produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee.