Language-specific Insights

foresail

The Greek in Acts 27:40 that is translated as “foresail” in English is translated as “the cloth on the pole that was more in front of the boat in order that the wind might push the boat” in Morelos Nahuatl. (Source: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)

chamberlain

The Greek in Acts 12:20 that is translated as “chamberlain” or “high official” or similar in English is translated as “an authority for the king” in Morelos Nahuatl or as “worker who had much power” in Eastern Highland Otomi. (Source: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)

elder (of the church)

The Greek that is translated as “elder” in most English versions (“presbyter” in The Orthodox New Testament, 2000) is translated as “Old-Man Leader” in Eastern Highland Otomi (source: John Beekman in Notes on Translation November 1964, p. 1-22) and in Bacama as mi kpan-kpani vɨnə hiutə: “big/old person of house of prayer” (source: David Frank in this blog post ).

Other translations include:

  • “person who commands among the people of Jesus” in Lalana Chinantec
  • “old man who watches over the believers” in Morelos Nahuatl
  • “the one guarding the brethren” in Isthmus Mixe (source for this and two above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)
  • “old man who believes” in Sayula Popoluca
  • “person who cares for the assembly of Christ” in Rincón Zapotec
  • “person in authority among the brothers” in Central Mazahua
  • “supervisor of the creed” in Guhu-Samane (source for this and three above: Ellis Deibler in Notes on Translation July, 1967, p. 5ff.)
  • “older person” with an implication of that being a leader-like person in Matumbi (source: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific notes in Paratext)
  • “person who has taken on responsibilities in the congregation” in German (das Buch translation by Roland Werner, publ. 2009-2022)

The German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) chooses for the occurrences in Revelation the translation of Würdenträger or “dignitary.” Elsewhere (for instance in 1 Peter 5:1) it has “elders, your congregational leadership.”

See also elder (of the community).

serve tables, wait at tables

The Greek in Acts 6:2 that is often translated as “serve tables” or “wait at tables is translated in the following ways:

Cyprus

The Hebrew and Greek that is transliterated as “Cyprus” in English is translated more specifically as “the island of Cyprus” in some languages. Eastern Highland Otomi for instance has “the land of Cyprus, the little land it sits in the water,” Morelos Nahuatl has “the land-rise of Cyprus,” or Lalana Chinantec has “land in the middle of the water which is called Cyprus.” (Source: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)

In Libras (Brazilian Sign Language) it is translated with a sign that depicts the shape of the island and “blossoming flower” (a possible meaning of the name). (Source: Missão Kophós )


“Cyprus” in Libras (source )

See also complete verse (Acts 13:4) and Samothrace.

For more information on translations of proper names with sign language see this article in Christianity Today .