bread, loaf

The Greek term that is translated in English as “bread” or “loaf” is translated in Samo, it is translated as “Sago,” which serves “like ‘bread’ for the Hebrews, as a generic for food in the Samo language. It is a near-perfect metonymy that has all the semantic elements necessary for effective communication.” (Source: Daniel Shaw in Scriptura 96/2007, p. 501ff.)

In Chol it is translated as waj, the equivalent of a tortilla. (Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight)

John Beekman (in The Bible Translator 1962, p. 180f. ) explains: “The word ‘bread’ in Scripture primarily occurs as either a specific term for bread (including the Lord’s Supper), or as a generic term for food. It is not surprising, however, the some aboriginal groups use something other than bread as the staff of life. The Chols, with their cultural focus in the cultivation of corn, use waj, a type of thin corn flake. Since a meal is not complete without this main item of food, the term has been extended to include any other foods which may be served along with waj. While bread is known to them, its use is limited to a few occasions during the year when it functions as a dessert. In translating this term in the Chol New Testament, consistent use has been made of the word waj whenever the function of bread as a basic food was in focus. John 6:35, “I am the bread of life,” was thus translated with this word. If the word for bread had been used, it was feared that the Chol would compare Christ to the desirable, but not absolutely necessary, dessert.”

Robert Bascom adds his thoughts to this in relation to other Mayan languages (in Omanson 2001, p. 260): “In many Mayan languages, ‘bread’ can be translated waj or kaxlan waj. The first term literally means anything made from corn meal, while the second term literally means ‘foreigner’s waj,’ and refers to the local wheat-based sweet breads which are so popular within the broader European-influenced culture of the region. On the one hand, waj would be a better dynamic equivalent in cases where ‘bread’ meant ‘food,’ but in cases where the focus is literal or the reference well-known, kaxlan waj would preserve a flour-based meaning (though in biblical times barley was more in use than wheat) and not insert corn into a time and place where it does not belong. On the other hand kaxlan waj is not the staff of life, but refers to a local delicacy. In cases such as these, it is even tempting to suggest borrowing pan, the Spanish word for ‘bread,’ but native speakers might respond that borrowing a foreign word is not necessary since both waj and kaxlan waj are native terms that cover the meaning (though in this case, perhaps not all that well).”

In Mairasi it is translated bread tubers. Tubers are the main food staple and are therefore synonymous with food. (Source: Enggavoter 2004)

hardness of heart

The Hebrew and Greek that is translated as “hardness of heart” in English is translated as “large heart” has been translated in many ways:

  • San Mateo Del Mar Huave: “large heart”
  • Shilluk: “tightness of heart”
  • Copainalá Zoque: “blind in thoughts”
  • Chicahuaxtla Triqui: “hard heads”
  • Shipibo-Conibo: “ears without holes”
  • Tzotzil and Tzeltal: “no pain in heart” (source for this and above: Bratcher /Nida 1961)
  • Pwo Karen: “with thick ears and horns” (source: David Clark)
  • Enlhet: “innermosts are deaf”
  • Woun Meu: “stiff thinking” (source for last two: Jacob Loewen in The Bible Translator 1971, p. 169ff. )
  • Thai: “black-hearted” (source: Bratcher / Hatton, p. 272)
  • Anuak: “make liver strong” (source: Loren Bliese)
  • Elhomwe: “dried heart” (source: project-specific translation notes in Paratext).
  • In the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) it is translated colloquially as wie vernagelt or “obtuse” (in Mark 6:52 and 8:17).

    While Moba has a rich metaphorical library using the concept of “heart” (pal) it follows very different paradigms compared to Greek, Hebrew and English concepts. The parallel expression of “hardened heart” means “courageous” or “encouraged” (see hearts burning) so in the 2008 Moba Yendu Kadapaaonn translation various constructs are used to translate “hardness of heart,” including “not willing to change one’s mind” (in Mark 3:5) or “make temptation into the heart” (John 12:40). (Source: Bedouma Joseph Kobaike in Le Sycomore 17/1, 2024, p. 3ff. )

    See also stubborn / hardness of heart.

they did not understand about the loaves

The Greek that is translates as “they did not understand about the loaves” or similar in English is translated in the4 following ways:

  • Tzotzil: “They did not understand his power even after seeing the bread multiplied
  • Teutila Cuicatec: “For they did not yet clearly understand that Jesus could do anything, even though they saw that he caused the bread to become enough for all those people who had gathered”
  • Western Highland Chatino: “They weren’t aware that Jesus had so much power, even though he had fed so many people with only five loaves.”
  • Ocotlán Zapotec: “Not even with the miracle of the bread that Jesus performed did they understand who he was.” (Source for all above: B. Moore / G. Turner in Notes on Translation 1967, p. 1ff.)

Mark 6:45-52 in Russian Sign Language

Following is the translation of Mark 6:45-52 into Russian Sign Language with a back-translation underneath:


Source: Russian Bible Society / Российское Библейское Общество

Jesus did a miracle. There were five loaves and two fish. Jesus fed all the people, about 5,000 of them. They all ate, and there were even extra pieces of bread left over for the 12 baskets. Though the disciples saw the miracle, they did not understand its meaning.

Jesus looked at them and said:

— Go, get into the boat and go to the city of Bethsaida. I will stay here a while longer.

The disciples obeyed, they got into the boat and set sail. Jesus let all the people go home and remained alone. He went up on a mountain and prayed there. It was late evening. At this time the disciples sailed to the middle of the lake. Jesus, standing on the mountain, saw the sea raging. A strong wind arose, and there were waves on the lake. The boat with the disciples could hardly remain on the water. Jesus saw this, and he walked straight across the water. He stepped on the water and did not sink and walked on the water. It was early morning, and the disciples on the boat were exhausted. Jesus walked on the water past the boat. The disciples noticed him and cried out in terror:

— The Spirit! The Spirit is coming!

They were very frightened. Jesus stopped and said:

— Disciples, it is I, Jesus!

Jesus walked straight across the water to the boat and got into it. Immediately the wind died down and the lake calmed down. The disciples were amazed. They said to each other:

— Jesus walked on the water?! He did not drown? And the wind obeyed Jesus?!

Original Russian back-translation (click or tap here):

Иисус сделал чудо. Было пять хлебов и две рыбы. Иисус накормил ими всех людей, которых было около 5000. Все они наелись, даже остались лишние куски хлеба, которые собрали 12 корзин. Ученики хоть видели это чудо, но смысл его не поняли.

Иисус посмотрел на них и сказал:

— Идите, садитесь в лодку и отправляйтесь в город Вифсаида. А я еще побуду здесь.

Ученики повиновались, они сели в лодку и отплыли. Иисус отпустил всех людей по домам и остался один. Он взошел на гору и там молился. Наступил поздний вечер. Ученики в это время проплыли середину озера. Иисус, стоя на горе, увидел, как море стало бушевать. Поднялся сильный ветер, на озере были волны. Лодка с учениками еле держалась на воде. Иисус увидел это, и он пошел прямо по воде. Он ступил на воду и не тонул и шел по воде. Наступило уже раннее утро, ученики на лодке совсем уже выбились из сил. Иисус же шел по воде мимо лодки. Ученики заметили его и стали в ужасе кричать:

— Дух! Дух идет!

Они очень испугались. Иисус остановился и сказал:

— Ученики, это Я, Иисус!

Иисус прямо по воде подошел к лодке и сел в нее. Ветер тут же стих, и озеро тут же успокоилось. Ученики были поражены. Они говорили друг другу:

— Иисус шел по воде?!! И не тонул?!! И ветер подчиняется Иисусу?!

Back-translation by Luka Manevich

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Mark 6:53-56 in Russian Sign Language >>

Mark 6:45-52 in Mexican Sign Language

Following is the translation of Mark 6:45-52 into Mexican Sign Language with back-translations into Spanish and English underneath:


© La Biblia en LSM / La Palabra de Dios

Retrotraducciones en español (haga clic o pulse aquí)

Jesús dijo a los discípulos: “Uds suban al barco y zarpen a Betsaida, vayan” y caminó hacia toda la gente y los despidió y subió la montaña.

Jesus estaba orando toda la noche y los discípulos estaban zarpando en el barco. Después vino un viento fuerte, y los discípulos que estaban remando, no podían remar.

Desde la montaña donde Jesús estaba orando, veía en la distancia las olas y el barco arrojado por las olas. Jesús bajó y caminó en las olas, como a las tres o cuatro de la madrugada.

En el barco, que estaba balanceando en las olas, los doce discípulos miraron que alguien vino caminando en las olas, pareció una fantasma, y gritaron de angustia.

Jesús estaba caminando hacia ellos (y dijo): “Calmense, no tengan miedo, soy yo mismo.”

Jesús caminó al barco y subió y instantaneamente el viento desapareció y las olas disminuyeron y el barco no estaba moviendo tan fuerte. Los discípulos estaban sorprendidos, boquiabiertos.

Los discípulos, ¿porqué estaban sorprendidos y boquiabiertos? No entendían, por el milagro reciente del pan no habían descubierto nada, sus mentes eran duros.


Jesus said to the disciples: “You go in the boat and sail to Betsaida, go now”, and he walked over to all the people and sent them off and he walked up the mountain.

Jesus was praying the whole night and the disciples were in the boat. Then a strong wind came and the disciples, who were rowing, could not row anymore.

From the mountain where Jesus was praying, he saw in the distance the waves and the boat being thrown about on the waves. Jesus walked down and walked on the waves at about three or four o’clock in the morning.

In the boat, which was swung about by the waves, the twelve disciples looked and saw someone coming, walking on the waves, it looked like a ghost and they screamed in anguish.

Jesus came walking up to them (and said): “Calm down, don’t be afraid, it is me.”

Jesus walked to the boat and got in and instantly the wind disappeared and the waves got smaller and the boat moved more calmly. The disciples were surprised, agape.

Why were the disciples surprised and agape? They did not understand, they had not got it after the recent miracle with the bread, their minds were hard/stubborn.

Source: La Biblia en LSM / La Palabra de Dios

<< Mark 6:32-44 in Mexican Sign Language
Mark 6:53-56 in Mexican Sign Language >>

complete verse (Mark 6:52)

Following are a number of back-translations of Mark 6:52:

  • Uma: “For even though it hadn’t been a long time since they had seen the amazing sign he had done with the bread the previous day, they still did not yet understand clearly [lit., their hearts were still not yet clear] who Yesus really was. Their hearts were still uncertain/hesitant to believe.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “For even though they had seen the power of Isa when he fed the five thousand people, they did not yet really understand as to what the meaning was of what they had seen.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “For even though they had seen the miracle Jesus had done with the bread and fish, they still didn’t understand who he was for their minds were hard.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “because even though they had-seen his multiplying (lit. causing-to-become-many) the bread, they didn’t understand what it signified (lit. meant to say) concerning his power, because they were still stubborn/unresponsive (lit. their heads were still hard).” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “Because their minds/thinking hadn’t yet grasped the meaning of what Jesus had done with that bread. It’s like their minds/thinking couldn’t yet get as far as the fact of his supernatural-power.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)

Translation commentary on Mark 6:52

Exegesis:

ou gar sunēkan epi tois artois ‘for they did not understand about the loaves’: i.e. from the multiplication of the loaves, in the feeding of the multitude, they should have gained insight (into the person of Jesus).

all’ ēn autōn hē kardia pepōrōmenē ‘but their heart was hardened.’

kardia (cf. 2.6) ‘heart,’ ‘mind,’ ‘thinking.’

pōroō (8.17; cf. pōrōsis 3.5) ‘harden,’ ‘petrify’; when used of ‘heart’ it means ‘to grow (or, make) dull,’ ‘blind,’ ‘obtuse.’

Translation:

Some translations of the expression they did not understand about the loaves have meant little more than ‘they did not remember about the loaves’ or ‘they did not think about the loaves.’ However, the meaning here is much more. What the Gospel writer implies is that they did not understand the implications of the miracle. If available terms rendering understand are inadequate in the receptor language, one may need to expand the clause somewhat, e.g. ‘they did not know what it meant when Jesus divided the loaves’ or ‘they did not recognize the meaning of the feeding the people with the loaves.’

There are relatively few languages in which one can say ‘their hearts were hardened’ or ‘hard’ and at the same time preserve the meaning of the original at this point. If translated literally this expression would have the following meanings in various languages: ‘endurance’ (Sayula Popoluca), ‘brave’ (Tzeltal), ‘doubt’ (Piro), ‘bad character’ (Chicahuaxtla Triqui) and ‘courage’ (Shilluk). On the other hand, one can always speak of the characteristic denoted by the phrase their hearts were hardened, e.g. ‘they have hard heads’ (Chicahuaxtla Triqui), ‘their ears do not have holes’ (Shipibo-Conibo), ‘they do not have pain in their hearts’ (Tzeltal).

Hardened indicates primarily a state of being resulting from a process, not a specific process requiring the identification of the particular agent. The Greek has reference to the condition of the hearts, not the process by which they become hardened.

Quoted with permission from Bratcher, Robert G. and Nida, Eugene A. A Handbook on the Gospel of Mark. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1961. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .