kiss (feet)

The Greek that is translated as “kissing his feet” and “kiss my feet” in these verses in English is translated in Medumba as “massaged his feet,” as people do to show reverence to a chief, especially when imploring his protection or forgiveness. (Source: Reiling / Swellengrebel)

In Luke 7:38, the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) translates as küßte sie zärtlich or “kissed them tenderly.”

See also kiss and kiss his feet.

Simon and Jesus

The half-hearted attitude of Simon gains liveliness in the Balinese translation by the change of vocabulary. When he addresses Jesus the Master, he naturally uses deferential terms. In his reflection, however, he speaks “within himself” about Jesus and does not use the deferential terminology. In this way he reveals what he really thinks of his quest.

Source: J.L. Swellengrebel in The Bible Translator 1950, p. 124ff.

He allowed people of bad reputation to touch him (image)

“Usually, Thai men spend their free time with other men. Women only enter to serve them food, but here a woman has entered into the male social space in a counter-cultural way Not only is she female, she is a lowly prostitute. Although a Thai woman may sometimes wash her husband’s feet, she will never use her hair to dry them The men observing her are shocked at it all.”

Drawing by Sawai Chinnawong who employs northern and central Thailand’s popular distinctive artistic style originally used to depict Buddhist moral principles and other religious themes; explanation by Paul DeNeui. From That Man Who Came to Save Us by Sawai Chinnawong and Paul H. DeNeui, William Carey Library, 2010.

For more images by Sawai Chinnawong in TIPs see here.

kiss

The Hebrew and the Greek that is usually directly translated as “kiss” in English is translated more indirectly in other languages because kissing is deemed as inappropriate, is not a custom at all, or is not customary in the particular context (see the English translation of J.B. Phillips [publ. 1960] in Romans 16:16: “Give each other a hearty handshake”). Here are some examples:

  • Pökoot: “greet warmly” (“kissing in public, certainly between men, is absolutely unacceptable in Pökoot.”) (Source: Gerrit van Steenbergen)
  • Southern Birifor: puor or “greet” (source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
  • Chamula Tzotzil, Ixcatlán Mazatec, Tojolabal: “greet each other warmly” or “hug with feeling” (source: Robert Bascom)
  • Afar: gaba tittal ucuya — “give hands to each other” (Afar kiss each other’s hands in greeting) (source: Loren Bliese)
  • Roviana: “welcome one another joyfully”
  • Cheke Holo: “love each other in the way-joined-together that is holy” (esp. in Romans 16:16) or “greet with love” (esp. 1 Thessalonians 5:26 and 1 Peter 5:14)
  • Pitjantjatjara: “when you meet/join up with others of Jesus’ relatives hug and kiss them [footnote], for you are each a relative of the other through Jesus.” Footnote: “This was their custom in that place to hug and kiss one another in happiness. Maybe when we see another relative of Jesus we shake hands and rejoice.” (esp. Rom. 16:16) (source for this and two above: Carl Gross)
  • Kamba: “greet with the greeting of love” (source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
  • Balanta-Kentohe and Mandinka: “touch cheek” or “cheek-touching” (“sumbu” in Malinka)
  • Mende: “embrace” (“greet one another with the kiss of love”: “greet one another and embrace one another to show that you love one another”) (source for this and two above: Rob Koops)
  • Gen: “embrace affectionately” (source: John Ellington)
  • Kachin: “holy and pure customary greetings” (source: Gam Seng Shae)
  • Kahua: “smell” (source: David Clark) (also in Ekari and Kekchí, source: Reiling / Swellengrebel)
  • San Blas Kuna: “smell the face” (source: Claudio and Marvel Iglesias in The Bible Translator 1951, p. 85ff. )
  • Chichewa: “suck” (“habit and term a novelty amongst the young and more or less westernized people, the traditional term for greeting a friend after a long absence being, ‘clap in the hands and laugh happily'”)
  • Medumba: “suck the cheek” (“a novelty, the traditional term being ‘to embrace.'”)
  • Shona (version of 1966) / Vidunda: “hug”
  • Elhomwe: “show respect by hugging” (source: project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
  • Balinese: “caress” (source for this and three above: Reiling / Swellengrebel; Vidunda: project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
  • Tsafiki: earlier version: “greet in a friendly way,” later revision: “kiss on the face” (Bruce Moore [in: Notes on Translation 1/1992, p. 1ff.] explains: “Formerly, kissing had presented a problem. Because of the Tsáchilas’ [speakers of Tsafiki] limited exposure to Hispanic culture they understood the kiss only in the eros context. Accordingly, the original translation had rendered ‘kiss’ in a greeting sense as ‘greet in a friendly way’. The actual word ‘kiss’ was not used. Today ‘kiss’ is still an awkward term, but the team’s judgment was that it could be used as long as long as it was qualified. So ‘kiss’ (in greeting) is now ‘kiss on the face’ (that is, not on the lips).)
  • Kwere / Kutu: “show true friendship” (source: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific translation notes in Paratext)

In the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) it is translated as heiliger Kuss or “holy kiss” in the epistles. The translators note (p. 62): “It is possible that this is an early practice in which Christians communicate the Holy Spirit to one another or rekindle it.”

See also The kiss of Christian love (image), Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth and kissed (his feet).

complete verse (Luke 7:45)

Following are a number of back-translations of Luke 7:45:

  • Noongar: “You did not meet me with a kiss, but she has not stopped kissing my feet since I came here.” (Source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang)
  • Uma: “You (sing.), you (sing.) did not greet me with a kiss according to our custom. But this woman, she has not stopped kissing my feet from when I first arrived until now.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “You did not kiss me as is our (incl.) custom but this woman since I came in here she has not stopped kissing my feet.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And even though it’s our custom of welcoming to kiss our visitors, you did not kiss me when I arrived. And this woman, ever since I came here, she has continued kissing my feet.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “You (sing.) also did not kiss-me in meeting-me as is our custom, but as for her, she has not stopped kissing my feet starting-from when-I-came.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “Also you didn’t kiss (showing respect or gratitude) me, but as for her, from when she entered she has kept on kissing my feet.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)

1st person pronoun referring to God (Japanese)

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Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a first person singular and plural pronoun (“I” and “we” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. The most commonly used watashi/watakushi (私) is typically used when the speaker is humble and asking for help. In these verses, where God / Jesus is referring to himself, watashi is also used but instead of the kanji writing system (私) the syllabary hiragana (わたし) is used to distinguish God from others.

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

See also pronoun for “God”.

Translation commentary on Luke 7:45

Exegesis:

philēma moi ouk edōkas ‘a kiss you did not give me.’ philēma (also 22.48) at the beginning of the clause is emphatic. Kissing was a part of the ceremonial welcome to guests, cf. IDB III, 39f.

aph’ hēs (scil. hōras) eisēlthon lit. ‘from the moment I came in.’ When understood rigidly the clause seems to imply that the woman came in together with Jesus, but this does not transpire from vv. 36f. The phrase is, therefore, slightly hyperbolic.

ou dielipen kataphilousa ‘(she) has not stopped kissing.’ For kataphileō cf. on v. 38. dialeipō.

Translation:

You gave me no kiss, or to bring out the pejorative meaning, ‘you could not bring yourself to kiss me’ (Toraja-Sa’dan).

She has not ceased to kiss, or, ‘continuously she has kissed’ (Javanese).

To kiss my feet. When the normal rendering of the verb cannot be used with ‘feet’ as object (see on v. 38) the contrastive parallelism between what is said of Simon and of the woman will be lessened or lost. This may be remedied by making explicit the function of their acts or the intention of their behaviour, e.g. ‘you did not (even) welcome me with a kiss (or, kiss me for a greeting) but … she has not ceased to show me her reverence by touching/caressing/massaging my feet (or, to touch (etc.) my feet to show that she revered me).’

Quoted with permission from Reiling, J. and Swellengrebel, J.L. A Handbook on the Gospel of Luke. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1971. For this and other handbooks for translators see here . Make sure to also consult the Handbook on the Gospel of Mark for parallel or similar verses.

SIL Translator’s Notes on Luke 7:45

7:45a

You did not greet Me with a kiss: It was a Jewish custom to greet one another with a kiss, usually on the cheek or forehead. A kiss on the hand showed greater respect than a kiss on the cheek. If you need to specify either a kiss on the hand or on the cheek, you may specify a kiss on the cheek. That implies, “you did not even give me the customary kiss on the cheek.” However, if a kiss on the hand is more customary in your culture, you can specify that.

If men in your culture do not greet one another with a kiss, here are some options to consider:

Make explicit the reason why Simon should have kissed Jesus:

You did not give me the customary kiss of greeting
-or-
You did not welcome/greet me warmly with a kiss

Use a more general expression. For example:

You did not greet me with an embrace
-or-
You did not greet me warmly/lovingly
-or-
You did not give me a special/friendly greeting

In some translations it may be good to explain this custom in a footnote. For example:

In Jewish culture, a kiss was a common way for men to greet each other. The kiss was either on the cheek or hand.

7:45b

but: Again Jesus contrasted the woman’s actions with Simon’s actions.

she has not stopped kissing My feet since I arrived: The clause since I arrived implies “from the time I entered the house.” This is a hyperbole. Jesus used it to emphasize the woman’s actions. He did not mean that the woman began to kiss his feet at the moment he came into the house. She did not begin until he was seated to eat. He also did not mean that the woman never stopped kissing his feet for a second. She also dried his feet and anointed them.

If this hyperbole is not natural in your language, you may need to express the emphasis in a different way. For example:

during this time I have been ⌊in your house⌋, this woman has kissed my feet again and again

she has not stopped kissing My feet: Kissing someone’s feet showed more humility and respect than kissing on the hand. The woman showed great respect and gratitude toward Jesus by kissing his feet many times. Another way to say this is:

this woman has continued to kiss my feet

In some cultures the action of kissing is not known or is very unusual. In these cultures kissing a person’s feet may be inappropriate or shocking. If this is true in your culture, here are some options to consider:

Use a descriptive phrase and indicate the meaning of the action. For example:

she has continued to touch her lips to my feet ⌊to show her respect/gratitude

Use a more general expression. For example:

she has greeted/thanked me repeatedly ⌊from her heart

See how you translated this action in 7:38c, and translate in a way that refers back to that action. The way you translate it should also contrast with the way you expressed Simon’s neglect of this type of greeting.

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