kiss

The Hebrew and the Greek that is usually directly translated as “kiss” in English is translated more indirectly in other languages because kissing is deemed as inappropriate, is not a custom at all, or is not customary in the particular context (see the English translation of J.B. Phillips [publ. 1960] in Romans 16:16: “Give each other a hearty handshake”). Here are some examples:

  • Pökoot: “greet warmly” (“kissing in public, certainly between men, is absolutely unacceptable in Pökoot.”) (Source: Gerrit van Steenbergen)
  • Southern Birifor: puor or “greet” (source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
  • Chamula Tzotzil, Ixcatlán Mazatec, Tojolabal: “greet each other warmly” or “hug with feeling” (source: Robert Bascom)
  • Afar: gaba tittal ucuya — “give hands to each other” (Afar kiss each other’s hands in greeting) (source: Loren Bliese)
  • Roviana: “welcome one another joyfully”
  • Cheke Holo: “love each other in the way-joined-together that is holy” (esp. in Romans 16:16) or “greet with love” (esp. 1 Thessalonians 5:26 and 1 Peter 5:14)
  • Pitjantjatjara: “when you meet/join up with others of Jesus’ relatives hug and kiss them [footnote], for you are each a relative of the other through Jesus.” Footnote: “This was their custom in that place to hug and kiss one another in happiness. Maybe when we see another relative of Jesus we shake hands and rejoice.” (esp. Rom. 16:16) (source for this and two above: Carl Gross)
  • Kamba: “greet with the greeting of love” (source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
  • Balanta-Kentohe and Mandinka: “touch cheek” or “cheek-touching” (“sumbu” in Malinka)
  • Mende: “embrace” (“greet one another with the kiss of love”: “greet one another and embrace one another to show that you love one another”) (source for this and two above: Rob Koops)
  • Gen: “embrace affectionately” (source: John Ellington)
  • Kachin: “holy and pure customary greetings” (source: Gam Seng Shae)
  • Kahua: “smell” (source: David Clark) (also in Ekari and Kekchí, source: Reiling / Swellengrebel)
  • San Blas Kuna: “smell the face” (source: Claudio and Marvel Iglesias in The Bible Translator 1951, p. 85ff. )
  • Chichewa: “suck” (“habit and term a novelty amongst the young and more or less westernized people, the traditional term for greeting a friend after a long absence being, ‘clap in the hands and laugh happily'”)
  • Medumba: “suck the cheek” (“a novelty, the traditional term being ‘to embrace.'”)
  • Shona (version of 1966) / Vidunda: “hug”
  • Elhomwe: “show respect by hugging” (source: project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
  • Balinese: “caress” (source for this and three above: Reiling / Swellengrebel; Vidunda: project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
  • Tsafiki: earlier version: “greet in a friendly way,” later revision: “kiss on the face” (Bruce Moore [in: Notes on Translation 1/1992, p. 1ff.] explains: “Formerly, kissing had presented a problem. Because of the Tsáchilas’ [speakers of Tsafiki] limited exposure to Hispanic culture they understood the kiss only in the eros context. Accordingly, the original translation had rendered ‘kiss’ in a greeting sense as ‘greet in a friendly way’. The actual word ‘kiss’ was not used. Today ‘kiss’ is still an awkward term, but the team’s judgment was that it could be used as long as long as it was qualified. So ‘kiss’ (in greeting) is now ‘kiss on the face’ (that is, not on the lips).)
  • Kwere / Kutu: “show true friendship” (source: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific translation notes in Paratext)

In the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) it is translated as heiliger Kuss or “holy kiss” in the epistles. The translators note (p. 62): “It is possible that this is an early practice in which Christians communicate the Holy Spirit to one another or rekindle it.”

See also The kiss of Christian love (image), Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth and kissed (his feet).

rabbi

The Hebrew word that is transliterated in Greek and typically in English as “rabbi” is translated in Indonesian and Malay as guru — “teacher” — or bapak guru — “father teacher” in recent translations. (The only exception that is the Alkitab Versi Borneo of 2015 that transliterates as rabi.) (Source: Daud Soesilo in The Bible Translator 1996, p. 335ff. )

See also teacher.

Mark 14:43 - 52 in Mexican Sign Language

Following is the translation of Mark 14:43-52 into Mexican Sign Language with back-translations into Spanish and English underneath:


© La Biblia en LSM / La Palabra de Dios

Retrotraducciones en español (haga clic o pulse aquí)

Los líderes de los sacerdotes, los maestros de la ley y los ancianos mandaron a los soldados a que fueran en grupo llevando espadas y bastones, y todos fueron.

Un discípulo, Judas, les había advertido antes: “Al que yo me acerco y beso, este es Jesús, uds arrestenlo y llevenlo, y vigilenlo.

Allá Jesús estaba hablando y platicando y se volvió a ver a Judas que vino y se acercó diciendo “Maestro” y lo besó.

Las personas arrestaron a Jesús.

El siervo del sumo sacerdote, una persona sacó su espasa y lo agredió y quitó la oreja del siervo. Después Jesús dijo: “Yo diario iba al templo de Jerusalén y estaba enseñando en la plaza afuera, uds me veían pero jamás me han arrestado, ¿porqué ahora me arrestan?

Hace mucho un profeta lo ha escrito en el rollo, y lo que dijo (se ha cumplido) exactamente. ¿Porqué traen espadas y bastones de madera? ¿Parezco igual que un ratero, un ladrón?”

Los soldados lo arrestaron y se fueron llevandolo y todos los discípulos lo dejaron y se piraron y esparcieron.

Un hombre jóven que estaba envuelto en una sábana siguió al grupo, y los soldados lo vieron y lo arrestaron, pero el hombre dejó la sábana con ellos y se piró corriendo completamente desnudo.


The leaders of the priests, the teachers of the law and the elders sent soldiers out and they went as a group carrying swords and wooden rods.

One disciple, Judas, had warned them before: “The one that I approach and kiss, that is Jesus, you arrest him and take him away, and keep watch.”

Over there Jesus was talking and he turned around to see Judas coming, he approached him and said: “Teacher” and kissed him.

The people arrested Jesus.

The servant of the high priest, a person drew his sword and attacked him and cut off the ear of the servant. Then Jesus said: “Daily I went to the temple in Jerusalem and was preaching in the square outside, you saw me but you have never arrested me. Why are you arresting me now?

Long ago a prophet has written it in the scroll and what he said (has come to pass) exactly. Why do you bring swords and wooden rods? Do I appear to be a pickpocket, a thief?”

The soldiers arrested him and took him away and all the disciples left him and they went away and scattered.

A young man who was wrapped in a sheet followed the group, and the soldiers saw him and arrested him, but the man left the sheet in their hands and ran off completely naked.

Source: La Biblia en LSM / La Palabra de Dios

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Mark 14:43-52 in Russian Sign Language

Following is the translation of Mark 14:43-52 into Russian Sign Language with a back-translation underneath:


Source: Russian Bible Society / Российское Библейское Общество

Jesus said to his disciples:

— There goes a man approaching.

It was a man named Judas. He was one of the 12 disciples. He was approaching. And with him was a large crowd of people with swords, spears, and wooden clubs. Why were they walking with Judas? The leaders, the high priests, and the teachers of the law had assigned these people to follow Judas, the real traitor. He had agreed with them that whoever he kissed should be seized and tied up. That was his agreement with them. Judas approached Jesus, greeted him as “teacher,” and kissed him on the cheek. And immediately the people around Judas attacked Jesus. One of the disciples, who was standing next to Jesus, cut off the ear of the high priest’s servant.

Jesus said to the crowd:

— Why did you attack me? Am I a robber? Why do you need swords, wooden stakes? If you decided to seize me, when I taught openly in the temple before, why didn’t you seize me then? What is happening now was definitely written in the Scriptures in ancient times.

The disciples, seeing all this, ran away in fear. Jesus was left alone. The crowd seized him. There was a young man there. He had only a cloak on his naked body. He was watching Jesus. They seized the young man, but he wriggled away, threw off his cloak, and ran away naked. And the crowd led Jesus away.

Original Russian back-translation (click or tap here):

Иисус сказал ученикам:

— Вон приближается человек.

Это был человек по имени Иуда. Он был один из 12 учеников. Он приближался. А вместе с ним шла большая толпа народу с мечами, копьями, а также деревянными дубинами. Почему они шли вместе с Иудой? Начальники, первосвященники и учителя закона поручили этим людям следовать за Иудой, настоящим предателем. Он договорился с ними, что тот человек, которого он поцелует, его нужно схватить и связать. Так он с ними условился. Иуда подошел к Иисусу, поприветствовал «учитель» и поцеловал в щеку. И тут же люди вокруг Иуды напали на Иисуса. Один ученик, который стоял рядом с Иисусом, отсек слуге первосвященника ухо.

Иисус сказал толпе:

— Почему вы напали на меня? Разве я разбойник? Зачем вам мечи, деревянные колья? Если вы решили схватить меня, то ведь и раньше в храме я открыто учил, почему же вы меня не хватали? То, что происходит сейчас, точно было написано в Писании еще в древности.

Ученики, видя все это, в страхе разбежались. Иисус остался один. Толпа схватила его. Там был один юноша. Из всей одежды у него был только плащ, надетый на голое тело. Он наблюдал за Иисусом. Юношу схватили, но он вывернулся, сбросив плащ, и убежал голый. А толпа повела Иисуса.

Back-translation by Luka Manevich

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Mark 14:53-65 in Russian Sign Language >>

complete verse (Mark 14:45)

Following are a number of back-translations of Mark 14:45:

  • Uma: “So, when they arrived there, Yudas went to meet Yesus, he said: ‘Teacher!’ and he kissed him according to the Yahudi custom.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “So-then when they arrived there, Judas came immediately close to Isa and he said, ‘Sir.’ And he kissed Isa.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And when Judas arrived, he immediately went up to Jesus and said, ‘Teacher!’ And he kissed him.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “That being so, he immediately went to Jesus saying, ‘Sir teacher, how are you (sing.)?’ Then he kissed (him).” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “When Judas arrived, he went directly to Jesus. ‘Master!’ he said, and then kissed him like his holding dear was big.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)

Translation commentary on Mark 14:45

Text:

After rabbi ‘Master’ Textus Receptus and Soden add another rabbi, which is omitted by all other editions of the Greek text.

Exegesis:

proselthōn (cf. 1.31) ‘approaching,’ ‘drawing near.’

rabbi (cf. 9.5) ‘Rabbi,’ ‘Teacher.’

katephilēsen (only here in Mark) ‘he kissed’: this would seem to be the normal way in which a Rabbi was greeted. Lagrange cites a passage which speaks of one Rabbi greeting another affectionately by kissing him on the forehead. As distinguished from the simple phileō of the preceding verse, kataphileō is taken to mean ‘kiss warmly,’ ‘kiss affectionately’ (cf. The Modern Speech New Testament, Goodspeed). The meaning ‘kiss much’ (American Standard Version margin) is styled “very doubtful” by Moulton & Milligan, on the basis of the papyri evidence. It has been suggested that the “sense of intense emotion” present in the verb is to be identified, in this passage, as that of repentance, on the part of Judas.

Translation:

The pronouns he … he … him are not always clear in reference. Therefore, one may have to make certain substitutes, e.g. ‘Judas … he … Jesus.’

Master, as a translation of rabbi, means much more than merely ‘teacher.’ The irony of this event is brought out more forcibly and accurately if some term meaning ‘master,’ ‘honored leader,’ or ‘respected teacher’ is employed.

For kiss see verse 44.

Quoted with permission from Bratcher, Robert G. and Nida, Eugene A. A Handbook on the Gospel of Mark. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1961. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

SIL Translator's Notes on Mark 14:45

14:45

The background information in 14:44 has ended. In this verse Mark continued to tell what happened to Jesus when the men arrived. Use a natural way in your language to indicate that the author has returned to the story. For example:

When Judas and the crowd reached Jesus, Judas went to him at once…

14:45a

Going directly to Jesus, he said, “Rabbi!”: The phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as Going directly to Jesus indicates that when Judas came to where Jesus was, he immediately approached Jesus.

Here are some other ways to translate this:

Judas went at once to Jesus and said, “Rabbi!”
-or-
When Judas came, he went to Jesus immediately and said “Rabbi!” (NET Bible)

directly: Judas went straight to Jesus without delay. Judas had a plan that he intended to follow.

Rabbi: Judas addressed Jesus as Rabbi. This word is a transliteration of a Hebrew word that means “my great one.” At the time when Mark wrote this Gospel, people used this word as a title of respect for an important religious teacher or leader. It does not refer to a school teacher.

If you do not have a word that expresses this idea of a religious teacher, you can simply use the word “teacher” or “master.” If possible, use a word that implies that the teacher is respected. For example:

Teacher (Good News Bible)
-or-
My teacher/master

In some languages you may need to add an expression of greeting. For example:

Greetings, teacher!

Use an expression in your language that is natural and shows proper respect.

14:45b

and kissed Him: Judas kissed Jesus on the cheek as a part of his greeting. His kiss was really part of the signal that he had arranged to identify Jesus.

kissed: See 14:44b for a discussion of the word “kiss.”

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