Introduction to 2 Corinthians (Pioneer Bible Translators)

(Pioneer Bible Translators and The Word for the World use the following introduction in many of their translation projects around the world.)

2 Corinthians was written by the Apostle Paul around 55-56 after the birth of Christ (1:1). This is the second of two letters we have that Paul wrote to the church in Corinth. Scholars believe that Paul had previously written a severe letter to the Corinthians. We do not have any copies of this letter to which he refers in 2:3–4. 2 Corinthians was most likely written when Paul was in Macedonia (2:13).

2 Corinthians is unique in that it is a very personal and emotional letter. Paul expresses his joy about the good report he received from Titus about the church in Corinth. In this letter, we find detailed teaching about giving from a New Testament perspective, in the section where Paul gives instructions for a collection of money to be taken up to help the believers in Jerusalem (8-9). It seems that some false apostles from outside the church were using the hostility of certain people in the church against Paul to promote themselves. They were casting doubt on Paul’s authority, which may be what prompted him to strongly affirm his authority as an apostle of Jesus Christ towards the end of the letter.

Outline:

1. Paul begins his letter by greeting the church (1:1-7).
2. Next Paul talks about his change in travel plans and the report he received about them and their response to his previous letter (1:8-7:16).
3. After that, Paul gives instructions concerning the collection of money for the believers in Jerusalem (8:1-9:15).
4. Finally, Paul gives a defense for his apostleship and gives warnings about his next visit (10:1-13:10)

This work is owned by Pioneer Bible Translators International and The World for the World International and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License .

Translation: French

Introduction à 2 Corinthiens

La deuxième lettre aux Corinthiens a été écrite par l’apôtre Paul environ 55 -56 ans après la naissance de Christ (1 :1). C’est la seconde des deux lettres que nous avons que Paul a écrites à l’église à Corinthe. Les experts croient que Paul avait écrit précédemment une lettre sévère aux Corinthiens. Aucune copie de cette lettre n’existe plus, mais Paul en fait mention (2 :3-4). Il est très probable que Paul a écrit la lettre quand il séjournait en Macédoine (2 :13).

2 Corinthiens est unique en ce qu’elle est une lettre très personnelle et pleine d’émotion. Paul exprime la joie qu’il a ressentie en entendant le bon rapport qu’il a reçu de Tite au sujet de l’église à Corinthe. Dans cette lettre nous trouvons des enseignements minutieux au sujet de la collecte dans la perspective du Nouveau Testament et spécialement dans la section où Paul donne des instructions qu’on fasse qu’une collecte soit prise pour aider les croyants qui étaient à Jérusalem. (8-9) Il parait qu’il y avait de faux apôtres, venus du dehors de l’église profitaient de l’hostilité que certaines personnes dans l’église avaient envers Paul pour se mettre elles-mêmes en avant. Elles mettaient en doute l’autorité de Paul ; c’est ce qui l’a poussé probablement vers la fin de la lettre à affirmer vigoureusement l’autorité qu’il avait comme apôtre de Jésus- Christ.

Résumé

1.Paul commence sa lettre en saluant l’église (1 :1-7)
2. Ensuite Paul écrit au sujet du changement de ses plans de voyage, du rapport qu’il a reçu à leur sujet et de leur réponse à sa lettre précédente (1 :8 – 7 :16).
3. Après cela, Paul donne des instructions concernant la collecte pour les croyants qui se trouvent à Jérusalem (8 :1 – 9 :15).
4. Enfin, Paul fait la défense de sa position comme apôtre et donne des avertissements de sa prochaine visite. (10 :1 – 13 :10)

Translation: Swahili

Utangulizi wa kitabu cha 2 Wakorintho

Kitabu cha 2 Wakorintho kiliandikwa na Mtume Paulo kati ya mwaka 55 na 56 baada ya kuzaliwa Yesu Kristo (1:1). Hii ni barua ya pili kati ya zile tulizonazo zilizoandikwa na Paulo kwa kanisa la Korintho. Wasomi huamini kwamba Paulo alikuwa punde kidogo amewaandikia Wakorintho barua kali sana. Hatuna nakala yoyote ya barua hii ambayo Mtume Paulo anaitaja katika sura 2:3-4. 2 Wakorintho yawezekana iliandikwa wakati Paulo alipokuwa Makedonia (2:13).

2 Wakorintho ni barua ya kipekee kwani inaeleza mengi yanayomhusu Paulo mwenyewe pamoja na hisia zake. Paulo anaelezea furaha yake iliyotokana na habari njema kuhusu kanisa la Korintho alizozipokea kutoka kwa Tito. Ndani ya barua hii, tunapata mafundisho ya kina kuhusu suala la utoaji kwa mtazamo wa Agano Jipya, katika sehemu ambamo ndani yake Paulo anatoa maagizo kwa ajili ya changizo ya fedha kufanyika ili kuwasaidia waumini waliokuwa Yerusalemu (8-9). Inaonekana kwamba baadhi ya mitume wa uwongo waliokuwa si wa kanisa walitumia chuki walizopandikiza ndani ya watu wa kanisa dhidi ya Paulo, kwa lengo la kujijengea umaarufu wao binafsi. Walijaribu kuwafanya watu waone mashaka kuhusiana na mamlaka ya kitume ya Paulo, jambo lililomfanya atumie kauli zenye nguvu mwishoni mwa 2 Wakorintho kuthibitisha mamlaka yake yeye mwenyewe kama mtume wa Yesu Kristo.

Muhtasari:
1. Paulo anaanza kuiandika barua yake kwa kulisalimu kanisa (1:1-7).
2. Kisha Paulo anazungumzia mabadilko ya mipango ya safari zake, na taarifa zinazowahusu alizozipokea, na mwitikio wao juu ya barua yake iliyotangulia (1:8-7:16).
3. Baada ya hapo, Paulo anatoa maagizo kuhusu changizo la fedha kuwasaidia waumini walioko Yerusalemu (8:1-9:15).
4. Mwishoni, Paulo anatoa utetezi kwa ajili ya utume wake, na anatoa maonyo juu ya safari yake iliyokuwa inakaribia (10:1-13:10)

raisin

The Hebrew that is translated as “raisin” in English is translated in Kwere descriptively as “dried grape.” (Source: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific translation notes in Paratext)

See also raisin cake.

cherub

Some key biblical terms that were directly transliterated from the Hebrew have ended up with unforeseen meanings in the lexicons of various recipient languages.

Take, for example, the English word “cherub,” from Hebrew “kĕrȗb.” Whereas the original Hebrew term meant something like “angelic being that is represented as part human, part animal” (…), the English word now means something like “a person, especially a child, with an innocent or chubby face.” Semantic shift has been conditioned in English by the Renaissance artistic tradition that portrayed cherubim in the guise of cute little Greek cupids. This development was of course impossible to foresee at the time when the first English translations borrowed this Hebrew word into the English Bible tradition, following the pattern of borrowing set by the Greek and Latin translations of the Old Testament.

In Russian, the semantic shift of this transliteration was somewhat different: the -îm ending of “kĕrūbîm,” originally signifying plurality in Hebrew, has been reanalyzed as merely the final part of the lexical item, so that the term херувим (kheruvim) in Russian is a singular count noun, not a plural one. (A similar degrammaticalization is seen in English writers who render the Hebrew plural kĕrūbîm as “cherubims.”) Apparently, this degrammaticalization of the Hebrew ending is what led the Russian Synodal translator of Genesis 3:24 to mistakenly render the Hebrew as saying that the Lord God placed a kheruvim (accusative masculine singular in Russian) to the east of the garden of Eden, instead of indicating a plural number of such beings. (Source: Vitaly Voinov in The Bible Translator 2012, p. 17ff. )

In Ngäbere the Hebrew that is translated in English as “cherub” is translated as “heavenly guard” (source: J. Loewen 1980, p. 107), in Nyamwezi as v’amalaika v’akelubi or “Cherubim-Angel” to add clarity, in Vidunda as “winged creature,” in Makonde as “winged creature from heaven” (source for this and two before: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific translation notes in Paratext), in Bura-Pabir as “good spirit with wings,” and in Northern Pashto it is either translated as “heavenly creature” (Afghan Pashto Bible, publ. 2023) or “winged creature” (Holy Bible in Pakistani [Yousafzai] Pashto, publ. 2020) (source for Bura-Pabir and Northern Pashto: Andy Warren-Rothlin).

In French Sign Language it is translated with a sign that combines “angel” and “spinning sword” (referring to Genesis 3:24):


“Cherub” in French Sign Language (source: La Bible en langue des signes française )

See also seraph and ark of the covenant.

feet of his faithful ones

The Hebrew in 1 Samuel 2:9 that is translated as “feet of his faithful ones” or similar in English is translated in Vidunda, Kwere and Kutu as “faithful people” because a translation involving “feet” did not communicate the correct meaning. (Source: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific translation notes in Paratext)

bitumen for mortar

The Hebrew in Genesis 11:3 that is translated as “bitumen for mortar” or similar in English is translated in Kwere as “tar instead of mud/clay.” (Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific translation notes in Paratext)

Introduction to Daniel (Pioneer Bible Translators)

(Pioneer Bible Translators and The Word for the World use the following introduction in many of their translation projects around the world.)

The book of Daniel relates the life and the visions of the prophet Daniel during the time when the Israelites were living as captives in Babylon. It tells how faithful Daniel and his friends were to God, and it also contains prophecies about the nations and the world. The book covers a time from 605 to about 535 BC, when Daniel served during the reigns of four different kings of Babylon. Scholars traditionally believe that Daniel himself wrote the book in Babylon during this time, but many modern scholars claim that it was written later, in Israel, during the second century BC. Others believe that parts of the book were written at different times.

The book of Daniel was written to give hope to the Israelites who were living in exile, and also to future generations who would live in hard times. God shows his power over kings and nations, both through the things that happened in Daniel’s life and in prophecies about the future. In the context of the Bible, this helps to understand the kingdom of God in the New Testament. For example, the Messiah is foretold in Daniel 7:13–14. Daniel’s visions about the end times are mentioned by Jesus (Matt 24:15, Mark 13:14) and they also relate to John’s Revelation. Daniel also considers the prophecies of Jeremiah (Daniel 9:1–3).

Outline of Daniel:

1. Chapters 1-4 tell of Daniel and his friends in Babylon during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar.
2. Chapter 5 tells of Daniel’s interpretation of King Belshazzar’s vision.
3. Chapter 6 tells of Daniel in the lion’s den during the reign of King Darius.
4. Chapters 7-12 include revelations that God gave to Daniel about future events.
a. In Chapters 7-8 Daniel relates two visions about the future, and their interpretations.
b. In Chapter 9 Daniel prays for his people and is answered by the angel Gabriel.
c. In Chapters 10-12 Gabriel reveals future events, including the end times.

This work is owned by Pioneer Bible Translators International and The World for the World International and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License .

Translation: French

Introduction au livre de Daniel

Le livre de Daniel relate la vie et les visions prophétiques du prophète Daniel pendant le temps de l’exil des Israélites à Babylone. Il parle de la fidélité de Daniel et de ses amis ainsi que des prophéties au sujet des nations et du monde. Le livre couvre la période de 605 av. J.C. à environ 535 av. J-C dans laquelle Daniel a servi pendant les règnes de quatre rois différents de Babylone. La vue traditionnelle est que Daniel lui-même a écrit le livre à Babylone durant cette période mais de nombreux experts modernes prétendent qu’il a été écrit plus tard en Israël durant le deuxième siècle av. J-C. D’autres croient que différentes parties du livre ont été écrites dans différentes époques.

Le livre de Daniel a été écrit pour donner de l’espoir aux Israélites qui vivaient en exil et aussi pour les générations à venir lorsque des temps difficiles arriveront. Dieu montre sa puissance au-dessus des rois et des nations, aussi bien par des événements dans la vie de Daniel que par des prophéties concernant l’avenir. Dans le contexte de la Bible ceci aide à comprendre le royaume de Dieu dans le Nouveau Testament. Le Messie est prédit dans Daniel 7.13-14. Les visions de Daniel en ce qui concerne les temps de la fin sont mentionnées par Jésus (Matthieu 24.15, Marc 13.14) et se rapportent à l’Apocalypse de Jean. Daniel médite aussi sur les prophéties de Jérémie (Daniel 9.1-3).

Résumé du livre de Daniel

1. Les chapitres 1-4 parlent de Daniel et de ses amis à Babylone durant le règne de Nebucadnetsar.
2. Le chapitre 5 parle de l’interprétation de Daniel au sujet de la vision du roi Belschatsar.
3. Le chapitre 6 parle de Daniel dans la fosse aux lions durant le règne de Darius.
4. Les chapitres 7-12 concernent les révélations de Dieu à Daniel au sujet des temps de la fin.
a) Dans les chapitres 7-8 Daniel relate les deux visions du futur et leurs interprétations.
b) Dans le chapitre 9 Daniel prie pour son peuple et reçoit la réponse par l‘ange Gabriel.
c) Dans les chapitres 10-12 Gabriel révèle les événements du futur, y compris les temps de la fin.

Translation: Swahili

Utangulizi wa Danieli

Kitabu cha Danieli kinahusisha maisha na maono ya nabii Danieli wakati Waisraeli walipokuwa wakiishi kama mateka Babeli. kinasimulia jinsi Danieli na marafiki zake walivyokuwa waaminifu kwa Mungu, na pia kina unabii kuhusu mataifa na ulimwengu. Kitabu hiki kinahusisha wakati kutoka mwaka 605 hadi 535 K.K., wakati Danieli alihudumu wakati wa enzi za wafalme wanne tofauti wa Babeli. Wasomi kijadi wanaamini kuwa Danieli mwenyewe aliandika kitabu huko Babeli wakati huu, lakini wasomi wengi wa kisasa wanadai kuwa kiliandikwa baadaye, huko Israeli, wakati wa karne ya pili K.K. Wengine wanaamini kuwa sehemu za kitabu hicho ziliandikwa kwa nyakati tofauti.

Kitabu cha Danieli kiliandikwa ili kuwapa matumaini Waisraeli ambao walikuwa wakiishi uhamishoni, na pia kwa vizazi vijavyo ambao wataishi katika nyakati ngumu. Mungu anaonyesha nguvu zake juu ya wafalme na mataifa, kupitia mambo yaliyotokea katika maisha ya Danieli na katika unabii juu ya siku zijazo. Katika muktadha wa Biblia, hii inasaidia kuelewa ufalme wa Mungu katika Agano Jipya. Kwa mfano, Masihi ametabiriwa katika Danieli 7: 13-14. Maono ya Danieli kuhusu nyakati za mwisho yametajwa na Yesu (Mat 24:15, Marko 13:14) na pia yanahusiana na Ufunuo wa Yohana. Danieli pia anafikiria unabii wa Yeremia (Danieli 9: 1-3).

Muhtasari:

1. Sura ya 1-4 inazungumza juu ya Danieli na marafiki zake huko Babeli wakati wa utawala wa Nebukadreza.
2. Sura ya 5 inaelezea juu ya tafsiri ya Danieli juu ya maono ya Mfalme Belshaza.
3. Sura ya 6 inasimulia juu ya Danieli kwenye shimo la simba wakati wa utawala wa Mfalme Dario.
4. Sura za 7-12 zinajumuisha ufunuo ambao Mungu alimpa Danieli juu ya matukio yajayo.
a. Katika Sura ya 7-8 Danieli anaelezea maono mawili juu ya siku zijazo, na tafsiri zake.
b. Katika Sura ya 9 Danieli anawaombea watu wake na anajibiwa na malaika Gabrieli.
c. Katika Sura ya 10-12 Gabrieli anafunua matukio ya baadaye, pamoja na nyakati za mwisho.

Introduction to Hebrews (Pioneer Bible Translators)

(Pioneer Bible Translators and The Word for the World use the following introduction in many of their translation projects around the world.)

The book of Hebrews is an encouraging letter which shows how Jesus fulfilled several Old Testament prophecies. It was written like a sermon. There are over 60 references to the Old Testament in Hebrews which clearly show how Jesus fulfilled prophecy and the duties of the Jewish High Priest. For this reason the book was meant to be encouraging to Jewish Christians. Hebrews shows how Jesus completed the Law so that priests won’t have to offer sacrifices ever again. Jesus was the sacrifice for all sins, once and for all time. Christians in our time can also find encouragement in the letter to the Hebrews to keep following Jesus Christ as the one who makes it possible for us to trust in God, and also to keep on trusting in him (12:2).

No one knows who wrote Hebrews, but scholars have made suggestions such as the Apostle Paul, Luke, or Barnabas. The date of writing is also not known but most believe it was written before 70 years after the birth of Christ. Jerusalem was destroyed in 70, but the writer of this letter talks about Jerusalem like it was not yet destroyed. Hebrews was written in the city of Rome (13:24) and was probably circulated among several churches.

Outline:

1. The writer shows that Jesus is superior to God’s prophets and angels (1:1-4:13).
2. Then he goes on to show that Jesus is superior to the priests who minister in the temple of God in Jerusalem (4:14-7:28).
3. Also Jesus’ ministry is superior to the old agreement which God made with his people through the law that he gave to Moses (8:1-10:31).
4. After explaining that Jesus is superior in every way, the author gives several practical instructions (10:32-13:17).
5. Lastly the writer finishes the letter with some encouragements and greetings (13:18-25).

This work is owned by Pioneer Bible Translators International and The World for the World International and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License .

Translation: French

Introduction aux Hébreux

Le livre aux Hébreux est une lettre encourageante qui montre comment Jésus a accompli plusieurs prophéties de l’Ancien Testament. Elle a été écrite comme un sermon. Il y a dans Hébreux plus de 60 références à l’Ancien Testament ce qui montre clairement comment Jésus a accompli la prophétie et les devoirs du souverain grand-prêtre juif. Pour cette raison le livre est destiné à encourager les chrétiens juifs. Hébreux montre comment Jésus a accompli la loi afin que les prêtres ne doivent jamais plus offrir des sacrifices. Jésus a été le sacrifice pour tous les péchés, une fois pour toutes. Les chrétiens de notre époque peuvent aussi trouver des encouragements dans la lettre aux Hébreux pour continuer à suivre Jésus-Christ comme celui qui a rendu possible que nous ayons confiance en Dieu et aussi de continuer à nous confier en lui (12 :2).

Personne ne sait qui a écrit les Hébreux, mais des experts ont fait des suggestions comme l’apôtre Paul, Luc ou Barnabas. La date de rédaction n’est pas connue non plus mais plusieurs pensent que la lettre a été écrite avant 70 ans après la naissance de Christ. Jérusalem a été détruite en l’an 70, mais l’auteur de cette lettre parle de Jérusalem comme si elle n’a pas encore été détruite. La lettre aux Hébreux a été écrite dans la ville de Rome (13 :24) et elle a probablement été circulée parmi plusieurs églises.

Résumé

1. L’auteur montre que Jésus est supérieur aux prophètes de Dieu et aux anges (1 :1-4 :13).
2. Il continue à montrer que Jésus est supérieur aux grands-prêtres qui officient dans le temple de Dieu à Jérusalem (4 :14-7 :28).
3. Le ministère de Jésus est aussi supérieur à l’ancienne alliance que Dieu avait conclue avec son peuple au travers de la loi qu’il avait donnée à Moïse (8 :1-10 :31).
4. Après avoir expliqué que Jésus est supérieur de toute manière, l’auteur donne plusieurs instructions pratiques (10 :32-13 :17).
5. Finalement l’auteur termine la lettre avec quelques encouragements et des salutations (13 :18-25).

Translation: Swahili

Utangulizi wa kitabu cha Waebrania

Kitabu cha Waebrania ni barua inayotia moyo ambayo inaonyesha jinsi Yesu alivyotimiza Maandiko kadhaa ya unabii wa Agano la Kale. Barua ya Waebrania imeandikwa kama hotuba ya mahubiri. Ndani ya barua ya Waebrania kuna nukuu zaidi ya 60 kutoka katika Agano la Kale zinazoonyesha wazi jinsi Yesu alivyotimiza unabii wote na majukumu ya Kuhani Mkuu. Kwa sababu hii, kitabu hiki kilikusudiwa kiwe chenye kutia moyo kwa Wakristo waliokuwa na asili ya Kiyahudi. Barua ya Waebrania inaonyesha jinsi Yesu alivyoikamilisha Torati ili sasa makuhani wasiwe tena na sababu ya kutoa sadaka zenye maana ya tambiko. Yesu alikuwa tambiko lililoondoa dhambi zote, tangu wakati huo alipokufa kifo cha msalaba na hata milele. Wakristo wanaoishi katika siku zetu hizi za leo wanaweza pia kutiwa moyo na barua ya Waebrania ili waendelee kumfuata Yesu Kristo kwa kuwa ndiye pekee anayetuwezesha sisi tumtumainie Mungu, na pia kuendelea kumtumainia (12:2).

Hakuna ajuaye ni nani hasa kwa hakika aliyeiandika barua kwa Waebrania, lakini wasomi wa mambo ya kibiblia wamewahi kupendekeza kwamba ni mmoja kati ya watatu hawa: yaani Mtume Paulo, Luka au Barnaba. Tarehe ya kuandikwa barua hii pia haijulikani, lakini wengi wanaamini iliandikwa kabla ya mwaka 70 baada ya kuzaliwa Yesu Kristo. Mji wa Yerusalemu uliharibiwa katika mwaka wa 70 baada ya kuzaliwa Yesu Kristo, lakini mwandishi wa barua hii anauzungumzia mji wa Yerusalemu kama kwamba ulikuwa bado haujaharibiwa. Barua kwa Waebrania iliandikwa katika mji wa Roma (13:24) na yawezekana kwamba ilizungushwa ili isomwe katika makanisa kadhaa.

Muhtasari:

1. Mwandishi anamwonyesha Yesu Kristo kuwa bora na mkuu zaidi ya manabii na malaika wa Mungu (1:1-4:13).
2. Kisha anaendelea kuonyesha kwamba Yesu ni bora na mkuu kuliko makuhani wanaohudumu ndani ya hekalu la Yerusalemu (4:14-7:28).
3. Pia anaonyesha kwamba huduma ya Yesu ni bora na yenye ukuu kuliko ile Torati ambayo Mungu alimpa Musa (8:1-10:31).
4. Baada ya kufafanua kwamba Yesu ni bora na mkuu katika namna zote, sasa mwandishi anaendelea kutoa maagizo yanayohitaji kutendewa kazi kwa vitendo (10:32-13:17).
5. Mwisho mwandishi anamaliza uandishi wa barua yake kwa kutoa hamasa na salamu (13:18-25).

wisdom

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The Hebrew, Aramaic, Ge’ez, Latin, and Greek that is translated as “wisdom” in English is rendered in various ways:

  • Amganad Ifugao / Tabasco Chontal: “(big) mind”
  • Bulu / Yamba: “heart-thinking”
  • Tae’: “cleverness of heart” (source for this and all above: Reiling / Swellengrebel)
  • Palauan: “bright spirit (innermost)” (source: Bratcher / Hatton)
  • Ixcatlán Mazatec: “with your best/biggest thinking” (source: Robert Bascom)
  • Noongar: dwangka-boola, lit. “ear much” (source: Portions of the Holy Bible in the Nyunga language of Australia, 2018 — see also remember)
  • Kwere “to know how to live well” (source: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
  • Dobel: “their ear holes are long-lasting” (in Acts 6:3) (source: Jock Hughes)
  • Gbaya: iŋa-mgbara-mɔ or “knowing-about-things” (note that in comparison to that, “knowledge” is translated as iŋa-mɔ or “knowing things”) (source: Philip Noss in The Bible Translator 2001, p. 114ff. )
  • Chichewa: nzeru, meaning both “knowledge” and “wisdom” (source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)
  • Uma: “clearness” (source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Kako: “heart thinking” (source: Reyburn 2002, p. 190)
  • Isthmus Mixe: “have a lot of mind”
  • Lalana Chinantec: “head is very good”
  • San Mateo Del Mar Huave: “have a great deal of understanding”
  • Morelos Nahuatl: “be alert”
  • Desano: “very intelligent”
  • Highland Popoluca: “understand what God wants” (Source for this and five above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)

In Hungarian Sign Language it is translated with a hand gesture referring to God to indicate a human quality to communicate that wisdom does not originate from man but is linked to and connected with the fear of God (source: Jenjelvi Biblia and HSL Bible Translation Group):


“Wisdom” in Hungarian Sign Language (source )

See also wisdom (Proverbs) and knowledge.