steadfast love

The Hebrew that is translated as “steadfast love,” “lovingkindness” (Goldingay 2018: “commitment”) or similar in English is translated in a number of ways:

  • Vidunda: “love of enduring” (source: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
  • Bura-Pabir: “love which cannot be-changed” (hyirkur na a palidzi wa)
  • Hausa Common Language Bible “his love without changing” (kaunarsa marar canjawa) (source for this and above: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
  • Elhomwe: “love that does not finish” (echikondi yoohisintheya) (source: project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
  • Nyamwezi: chelu, combining “love,” “faithfulness,” “loyalty,” and “kindness” (source: James Lundeen)
  • Newari: dayāmāyā (दयामाया), a compound word made from two Sanskrit-derived terms: dayā (दया) or “compassion, mercy, kindness” and māyā (माया) or “love, affection” (source: Newari Back Translation)

In Pijin tinghevi long or “think heavy about” is used. “The Pijin expression ‘think heavy about’ is very much within the domain of committed relationships. The relationship between father and child, husband and wife, God and His people. There is a very strong element of ‘loyalty’ in this expression.” (Source: Bob Carter)

In Latvian the term žēlastība is used both for “steadfast love” and grace.

In a number of languages, the terms for for “steadfast love” and mercy are used interchangeably.

mercy

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The Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, Ge’ez, and Latin terms that are typically translated as “mercy” (or “compassion” or “kindness”) in English are translated in various ways. Bratcher / Nida classify them in (1) those based on the quality of heart, or other psychological center, (2) those which introduce the concept of weeping or extreme sorrow, (3) those which involve willingness to look upon and recognize the condition of others, or (4) those which involve a variety of intense feelings.

While the English mercy originates from the Latin merces, originally “price paid,” Romance languages (Italian, Spanish, Corsican, Catalan, Friulian) and other Germanic languages (German, Swedish, Danish — Barmherzigkeit, barmhärtighet and barmhjertighed, respectively) tend to follow the Latin misericordia, lit. “misery-heart.”

Here are some other (back-) translations:

See also steadfast love and Seat of the Mind / Seat of Emotions.

complete verse (Exodus 34:7)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Exodus 34:7:

  • Kupsabiny: “I am making what I have promised people right from time immemorial be fulfilled and I forgive people who are evil/bad, who do not follow my way, and who are sinners. But I have to punish those who continue to sin and extend the punishment to generations because of their grandparents’ sin.’” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
  • Newari: “He loves to thousands and thousands,
    and forgives unrighteousness, guilt and sin.
    But he does not leave the guilty unpunished.
    He punishes even the sons
    and daughters’ grandsons
    and the great grandsons for the guilt of their forefathers.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “I show my love to many people, and I forgive their evil-(deeds), rebellion and sin. But I punish who sins, including their descendants until to the third and fourth generations.’” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • Bariai: “Always I am loving many thousands of people and wiping away their bad deeds and various deeds of stubbornness. But the people who have a bad fault, it isn’t possible for me to leave them so that they stay well. They will receive their punishment. If anyone is following bad behavior. I will punish them and their children and grandchildren and great-grandchildren also.’” (Source: Bariai Back Translation)
  • Opo: “who loves his own with descendants their with generation which be 1,000 (thousand), who forgives sin, who not sin forgives, who returns sin of father upon his children and children of his children with generation three or four.»” (Source: Opo Back Translation)
  • English: “I love people for thousands of generations. I forgive people for all kinds of sins. But I will certainly punish those who are guilty. I will punish not only them, but I will punish their descendants, down to the third and fourth generation/their children and grandchildren and great-grandchildren.’” (Source: Translation for Translators)

Translation commentary on Exod 34:7

Keeping steadfast love for thousands, literally “guarding chesed for thousands,” uses the same word as verse 6. The word for keeping means to preserve or maintain. Thousands may be understood as referring to individuals or to “generations” (Good News Translation). New Revised Standard Version now has “for the thousandth generation.” (See the comment at 20.6.) Although Good News Translation and Contemporary English Version interpret this as “keeping promises,” it is more likely that Yahweh is saying “I will keep on loving my people for thousands of generations [or, forever].”

Forgiving iniquity and transgressions and sin lists three words that are very similar in meaning. The word for iniquity suggests activity that is crooked or wrong. The word for transgressions refers to rebellion or revolt. The word for sin, chataʾ, is discussed at 20.20. In certain languages it will be necessary to make it explicit that what God forgives is people who do these things; for example, “I forgive people who do evil, who rebel, and commit sin.” There will also be languages that do not have three synonyms for “sin” as in the Hebrew and English. One may therefore follow Good News Translation and say “forgive evil and sin” or combine the three as Contemporary English Version does, “anyone who sins.” Forgiving comes from the word meaning to lift or raise. In context it may be understood as “taking away the guilt or consequences” of the three conditions listed. (See the discussion on forgive at 10.17.)

But who will by no means clear the guilty is literally “and clearing he will not clear.” This is the same emphatic negative form used in some of the participial laws discussed in chapter 21. (See 21.12, 15-17.) The words the guilty are implied by the verb and the context. Revised English Bible has “without acquitting the guilty,” but New Jerusalem Bible has “yet letting nothing go unchecked.” Good News Translation combines this with the idea expressed in the following phrase, “but I will not fail to punish.” Contemporary English Version has two separate sentences, “but I also punish anyone who sins. When people sin, I punish them and their children….”

Visiting the iniquity of the fathers … is similar to the expression in 20.5, with a few differences. (See the comment there.) Here it has upon the children and the children’s children, which may be rendered as “children and grandchildren” (Good News Translation). To the third and the fourth generation is literally “upon the third and upon the fourth.” Here again generation is implied by the context. Contemporary English Version has “their children, and also their grandchildren and great-grandchildren.”

Quoted with permission from Osborn, Noel D. and Hatton, Howard A. A Handbook on Exodus. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1999. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .