kiss

The Hebrew and the Greek that is usually directly translated as “kiss” in English is translated more indirectly in other languages because kissing is deemed as inappropriate, is not a custom at all, or is not customary in the particular context (see the English translation of J.B. Phillips [publ. 1960] in Romans 16:16: “Give each other a hearty handshake”). Here are some examples:

  • Pökoot: “greet warmly” (“kissing in public, certainly between men, is absolutely unacceptable in Pökoot.”) (Source: Gerrit van Steenbergen)
  • Southern Birifor: puor or “greet” (source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
  • Chamula Tzotzil, Ixcatlán Mazatec, Tojolabal: “greet each other warmly” or “hug with feeling” (source: Robert Bascom)
  • Afar: gaba tittal ucuya — “give hands to each other” (Afar kiss each other’s hands in greeting) (source: Loren Bliese)
  • Roviana: “welcome one another joyfully”
  • Cheke Holo: “love each other in the way-joined-together that is holy” (esp. in Romans 16:16) or “greet with love” (esp. 1 Thessalonians 5:26 and 1 Peter 5:14)
  • Pitjantjatjara: “when you meet/join up with others of Jesus’ relatives hug and kiss them [footnote], for you are each a relative of the other through Jesus.” Footnote: “This was their custom in that place to hug and kiss one another in happiness. Maybe when we see another relative of Jesus we shake hands and rejoice.” (esp. Rom. 16:16) (source for this and two above: Carl Gross)
  • Kamba: “greet with the greeting of love” (source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
  • Balanta-Kentohe and Mandinka: “touch cheek” or “cheek-touching” (“sumbu” in Malinka)
  • Mende: “embrace” (“greet one another with the kiss of love”: “greet one another and embrace one another to show that you love one another”) (source for this and two above: Rob Koops)
  • Gen: “embrace affectionately” (source: John Ellington)
  • Kachin: “holy and pure customary greetings” (source: Gam Seng Shae)
  • Kahua: “smell” (source: David Clark) (also in Ekari and Kekchí, source: Reiling / Swellengrebel)
  • San Blas Kuna: “smell the face” (source: Claudio and Marvel Iglesias in The Bible Translator 1951, p. 85ff. )
  • Chichewa: “suck” (“habit and term a novelty amongst the young and more or less westernized people, the traditional term for greeting a friend after a long absence being, ‘clap in the hands and laugh happily'”)
  • Medumba: “suck the cheek” (“a novelty, the traditional term being ‘to embrace.'”)
  • Shona (version of 1966) / Vidunda: “hug”
  • Elhomwe: “show respect by hugging” (source: project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
  • Balinese: “caress” (source for this and three above: Reiling / Swellengrebel; Vidunda: project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
  • Tsafiki: earlier version: “greet in a friendly way,” later revision: “kiss on the face” (Bruce Moore [in: Notes on Translation 1/1992, p. 1ff.] explains: “Formerly, kissing had presented a problem. Because of the Tsáchilas’ [speakers of Tsafiki] limited exposure to Hispanic culture they understood the kiss only in the eros context. Accordingly, the original translation had rendered ‘kiss’ in a greeting sense as ‘greet in a friendly way’. The actual word ‘kiss’ was not used. Today ‘kiss’ is still an awkward term, but the team’s judgment was that it could be used as long as long as it was qualified. So ‘kiss’ (in greeting) is now ‘kiss on the face’ (that is, not on the lips).)
  • Kwere / Kutu: “show true friendship” (source: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific translation notes in Paratext)

In the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) it is translated as heiliger Kuss or “holy kiss” in the epistles. The translators note (p. 62): “It is possible that this is an early practice in which Christians communicate the Holy Spirit to one another or rekindle it.”

See also The kiss of Christian love (image), Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth and kissed (his feet).

Paul

The term that is transliterated as “Paul” in English means “little.” (Source: Cornwall / Smith 1997 )

In American Sign Language it is translated with a sign that signifies the many letters he wrote. (Source: Ruth Anna Spooner, Ron Lawer)


“Paul” in American Sign Language, source: Deaf Harbor

In Spanish Sign Language it is translated with a sign depicting putting away a sword, referring to his conversion from a persecutor of Christians to a Christian leader. (Source: Steve Parkhurst)


“Paul (and Saul)” in Spanish Sign Language, source: Sociedad Bíblica de España

In Hungarian Sign Language it is translated with a sign that is based on contemporary depictions and refers to the presumed baldness of the top of his head. The description originates from the 2nd-century apocryphal text titled Acts of Paul and Thecla , which represents the earliest and most detailed physical characterization of the apostle in Christian tradition (see also the icon below). (Source: Jenjelvi Biblia and HSL Bible Translation Group)


“Paul” in Hungarian Sign Language — note that only the first part refers to “Paul,” the second part refers to “apostle” (source )

For more information on translations of proper names with sign language see Sign Language Bible Translations Have Something to Say to Hearing Christians .

Following is a Georgian Orthodox icon of Paul the Apostle from the 14th century (located in the Art Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi).

Orthodox Icons are not drawings or creations of imagination. They are in fact writings of things not of this world. Icons can represent our Lord Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the Saints. They can also represent the Holy Trinity, Angels, the Heavenly hosts, and even events. Orthodox icons, unlike Western pictures, change the perspective and form of the image so that it is not naturalistic. This is done so that we can look beyond appearances of the world, and instead look to the spiritual truth of the holy person or event. (Source )

The following is a contemporary stained glass window from the Messiah Episcopal Church in St. Paul, Minnesota by Peter Dohmen. Individual glass pieces were made in Germany in accordance with Dohmen’s design, using a technique first developed by Irish monks in the 9th and 10th centuries.

Source for the image and description below: The Stained Glass Windows of Messiah Episcopal Church

“This window is dedicated to St. Paul, the great apostle and missionary, for whom our city is named. At the top of the window is a ship which symbolizes the many missionary journeys of Paul — the Church is our ship, which carries us over the way of life. In the lower section we see Paul on the road to Damascus when he saw a great light and heard our Lord’s voice, which called him to discipleship.”

Stained glass is not just highly decorative, it’s a medium which has been used to express important religious messages for centuries. Literacy was not widespread in the medieval and Renaissance periods and the Church used stained glass and other artworks to teach the central beliefs of Christianity. In Gothic churches, the windows were filled with extensive narrative scenes in stained glass — like huge and colorful picture storybooks — in which worshipers could ‘read’ the stories of Christ and the saints and learn what was required for their religious salvation. (Source: Victoria and Albert Museum )

Click or tap here to see a short video clip about Paul (source: Bible Lands 2012)

Learn more on Bible Odyssey: Paul .

complete verse (Acts 20:37)

Following are a number of back-translations of Acts 20:37:

  • Uma: “They all wept and hugged Paulus and said to him: ‘Have a good trip. / Be careful walking.’ [traditional leave-taking formula]” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “When they took-leave, they wept embracing Paul and kissing him.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And the believers’ tears flowed and they hugged Paul and they kissed him.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “After that they then cried-quietly in hugging and kissing him,” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “They really couldn’t endure it, they all wept. They embraced Pablo and kissed him.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)

Translation commentary on Acts 20:37

The crying in this verse is the weeping which often accompanies departure from dear friends. This should not be translated as the weeping or crying at death.

The expressions hugged him and kissed him are simply typical of affectionate greetings in the Middle East. Hugged may be translated as “embraced,” and the kissing was normally done on the cheek even as it is today in the Middle East. In languages in which hugging and kissing would be grossly misinterpreted as having sexual connotations, one may employ a more general expression of farewell such as “bid him good-bye affectionately” or “showed great love for him when they said good-bye affectionately.”

Quoted with permission from Newman, Barclay M. and Nida, Eugene A. A Handbook on The Acts of the Apostles. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1972. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

SIL Translator’s Notes on Acts 20:37

20:37

The actions in this verse (weep, embrace, and kiss) all took place after the prayer in 20:36 was finished. Some languages must make this clear. For example:

Then⌋ they all wept…
-or-

After they finished praying,⌋ they all wept…

They all wept openly: The Greek clause says there was much/great weeping. It is not clear whether this means that they wept a long time or that they wept loudly. If possible, translate in a way that allows either meaning. For example:

There was much weeping among them all (New Revised Standard Version)
-or-
They all wept greatly
-or-
Everyone cried a lot (God’s Word)

wept openly: This word refers to water coming from the eyes and probably noises of sadness. Do not use the word “mourn,” as when someone dies.

they embraced Paul and kissed him: At that time, it was common for men to hug and kiss each other on the cheek when greeting or parting. These actions showed that they respected him and loved him like a brother.

In some languages the word embraced or the word kissed has a different meaning. If that is true in your language, you may want to:

Translate literally and explain it in your translation. For example:

they hugged him and kissed him ⌊with the kiss of brothers
-or-
They hugged him and kissed him good-bye (Good News Translation)
-or-

in brotherly love⌋ they hugged and kissed him
-or-
they gave him ⌊Christian/holy⌋ hugs and kisses

Translate the meaning of showing respect, affection, or brotherly love when leaving. For example:

bid/wished him farewell ⌊as brothers⌋ ⌊in Christ

Translate literally and explain it in a footnote. An example footnote is:

At that time, it was common for men to hug and kiss each other on the cheek when greeting or parting. These actions showed respect, affection, or brotherly love.

embraced: The Greek words are literally “having fallen on the neck of Paul.” This is an idiom that refers to hugging the body or neck of someone.

kissed: This word refers to a kiss on the cheek. The Greek verb indicates continual or repeated action. Each elder probably kissed Paul more than once. This showed that they loved him very much as their leader. For example:

they repeatedly kissed him (New American Standard Bible)

Or you may want to indicate generally that they hugged and kissed him. For example:

they wept embracing Paul and kissing him

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