Language-specific Insights

complete verse (Luke 15:4)

Following are a number of back-translations of Luke 15:4:

  • Mairasi: “‘Now suppose that one person from among you guys if the number of his domba [sheep] is one ratu [king; hundred], then one of them gets his face lengthened [lost] what will he himself the owner do? He himself will immediately leave his other domba animals, the four whole people and two hands and one hand and four [ninety-nine] of them, over there in the big grassy flat place. Then he will go look for that one which had a lengthened face [which was lost] continuously until he will find him.” (source: Enggavoter 2004)
  • Noongar: “‘If one of you had 100 sheep and lost one of them, what would you do? A man would leave the other 99 sheep and he would look for this sheep, the lost one, and he would not stop, only when he finds it.” (Source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang)
  • Uma: “He said: ‘For example one of our companions has a hundred sheep. If one sheep gets lost, what does he do? Definitely he leaves-behind the ninety-nine sheep in the field, and he goes to hunt for his lost sheep until he finds it.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “‘For example, if one of you has one hundred sheep and-then one of them goes astray, what do you (pl.) do? Certainly you (pl.) will leave the ninety nine there in the open-place and go to look for the one that went astray as long as you (pl.) do not find it.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “‘For example, one of you has a hundred domestic animals who are sheep, and one of them is lost. What does he do? Certainly he leaves those ninety-nine grazing and he looks for that one who is lost until he finds him.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “‘For-example, if there is among you an owner of a hundred sheep and one gets lost, what perhaps will he do? Surely (lit. indeed perhaps–connotes no doubt) he will leave the ninety nine in the grazing-area in order to go look for the lost one until he finds it.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “‘Supposing there is one of you who has a hundred sheep, and then suddenly/unexpectedly one of them was lost, well, what will he do? Isn’t it so that he will leave the ninety nine there in the eating/grazing-place, for he will look for this which is lost until he finds it?” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)

complete verse (John 1:16)

Following are a number of back-translations of John 1:16:

  • Huehuetla Tepehua: “And since he has much love, for that reason we all receive many favors which he does for us.”
  • Ojitlán Chinantec: “His heart is good to the fullest. Therefore he makes his heart good to us day after day.”
  • Aguaruna: “He is truly goodness, and so he does good to us also.”
  • Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac: “He has done for us many kindnesses since he is very kind and merciful.”
  • Tojolabal: “He has everything, and he has given us many favors.” (Source for this and above: M. Larson / B. Moore in Notes on Translation February 1970, p. 1-125.)Uma: “There is no end to his love, and from his love he blesses us all, there is no end to the blessing we receive from him.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “Because there with the Word is all the love, we (incl.) all also profit/have a share in his love and help. His love and help is added to us (incl.) all the time/increasingly.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And since he is very gracious, the good thing which he blesses all of us with never stop.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “On-account-of his large mercy/kindness, he is continually blessing all of us who believe.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “Through the big-size of his valuing us, his grace/mercy keeps-on-coming to us.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “All pertains to us what he gives. The favor he gives flows over us without limit.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “Because of the big/great mercy/grace of Christ his blessings to us(incl) all just follow-one-after-another.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • Mairasi: “is good insides are definitely very great, very good. That’s why we all already regularly receive goodness from Him Himself. He himself does not stop giving us His good insides.” (Source: Enggavoter 2004)
  • Bariai: “For the action/practice of kindness was full in him. And this action of kindness of his, he transferred it to us (incl.) very greatly.” (Source: Bariai Back Translation)
  • Kupsabiny: “We are all blessed completely because of the love which he has for us.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)

complete verse (James 5:16)

Following are a number of back-translations of James 5:16:

  • Uma: “That is why we must admit/confess our wrongs and pray for each other, so that we will be healed. The prayers of people whose hearts are upright are very potent.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “So-then, confess your sins to your fellow trusters in Isa Almasi, and pray-to God one for the other, so that you will be well. A straight/righteous person if he prays-to/asks-of God really whole-heartedly/with his liver entirely, his asking/praying has power.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “Because of that, it is necessary that you tell each other your sins so that each one may pray for his companion and so that the sick people might be cured. The praying of a righteous person is very powerful.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “Therefore if you have sinned, confess to your fellow believers so that they will pray for you so that you will get-well. Because the prayer of a righteous person, it is strong because it has results.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “Therefore if there is sin you have done to your fellowman, you must confess it to him and ask forgiveness. And then you are to pray for one another so that the Lord will make you well. For good results really will come from the prayer of a person who is righteous in the sight of God, very much being able to be done by this prayer.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “Therefore when a sick person has sin, he should tell in order that you each pray to God. Then the sick person will get well from his sickness. Now the good person, when he earnestly from the heart prays to God, will be helped by God.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)
  • Kuwaataay: “So tell one another your sins and pray for your companions so that you may be healed. The prayer of a righteous person has power and can do great things.” (Source: Kuwaataay Back Translation)
  • Kupsabiny: “Therefore, my people, let each one of you confess/show out his/her sins they have committed and pray for each other that you may be healed. If/when somebody who is righteous prays, his prayers will take hold and they have power.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
  • Bariai: “Therefore each of you (pl.) must confess amongst yourselves your bad deeds. And so make prayer for helping your companions in order that it be possible for you to become well. An upright man’s prayer has great power, and so its result (lit. “food”) will come forth.” (Source: Bariai Back Translation)
  • Mairasi: “Therefore if you guys happen to do something wrong, say to each other: ‘Truly, I did wrong!’ and pray for each other then you will definitely turn good. The prayer of holy people, those who have no wrong, is truly strong and powerful!” (Source: Enggavoter 2004)

Amen

If the Hebrew and Ge’ez or (the transliterated) Greek “Amen” (as part of a prayer) is not transliterated, it can also be translated into expressions such as “That is just the way it is” (Huichol), “That’s it” (Shilluk), “May it be thus” (Tzeltal) (source: Bratcher / Nida), “Let those things thus be” (Kituba) (source: Donald Deer in The Bible Translator 1973, p. 207ff. ), “It’s true” (Bariai) (source: Bariai Back Translation), or “so be it” (T’áá ákót’ée doo) ( Navajo (Dinė)).

In Nias, it is translated as Yaduhu (likewise: Jadoehoe) or “Yes, that’s true.” This goes back to culturally customary interruptions of sermons to verify the content of the message. Also, “a key characteristic of the Nias language is its consistent tendency to end words with a vowel sound. This presented a significant challenge for ‘amen,’ as its pronunciation would unavoidably become ‘ami.’ Crucially, ‘ami’ already carries the distinct meaning of ‘delicious’ in the Nias language, which would have led to an unintended and incongruous meaning in a liturgical context. (Source: Rebecca Evelyn Laiya / Merri Anna Kristina Laia in Konferensi Linguistik Tahunan Atma Jaya 23 [2025] ).

In Mairasi the translation is aniaut aug or “it’s a tuberful dig.” The preface to Enggavoter 2004 explains: “Truth is like a tuber [sweet potatoes, taro, cassava, yams]. We Mairasi have tubers as our standard food. The leaves are visible above ground. But we planted the plant so that it would produce tubers, but those are beneath the ground. So the vocabulary about ‘truth’ and ‘produce’ or ‘fruit’ is based on words for ‘tubers.’ For example: the word for ‘Amen’ ‘it’s a tuberful dig’ [also used for ‘verily’ or ‘definitely’] has its story like this: We see the leaves of the sweet potato but we do not know: the question is ‘Are there tubers or not?.’ So we dig then we see tubers. Therefore we say that ani ‘dig’ was aut ‘with tubers,’ which is ‘Aniaut!‘ ‘Definitely true!'”

In Huba it is translated as Aɗǝmja or “let it be so.” David Frank (in this blog post ) explains: “Whenever there were persistent problems such as a drought, or a rash of sickness or death, the king (or his religious advisor) would set aside a day and call on everyone to prepare food, such as the traditional mash made from sorghum, or perhaps even goat. The food had to be put together outside. The king or his religious advisor would give an address stating what the problem was and what they were doing about it. Then an elder representing the people would take a handful of that food and throw it, probably repeating that action several times, until it was considered to be enough to atone for all the misfortune they had been having. With this action he was ‘shooting (or casting off) misfortune’ to restore well-being to his people. As he threw the food, he would say that this is to remove the misfortune that had fallen on his people, and everybody would respond by saying aɗǝmja, ‘let it be so.’ People could eat some of this food, but they could not bring the food into their houses, because that would mean that they were bringing misfortune into their house. There is still a minority of people in this linguistic and cultural group that practices the traditional religion, but the shooting of misfortune is no longer practiced, and the term ‘shoot misfortune’ is used now in Bible translation to refer to offering a sacrifice. Aɗǝmja is how they translate ‘amen.'”

In American Sign Language, “Amen” is translated with a sign that means “it is established.”


“Amen” in American Sign Language (source )

See also truly, truly I tell you

complete verse (Mark 11:18)

Following are a number of back-translations of Mark 11:18:

  • Uma: “When the leading priests and religion teachers heard what Yesus had done, they sought for a scheme/way to kill him. They were nervous, for all the people were glad hearing his teaching.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “So-then the leaders of the priests and the teachers of the religious law were told about what Isa did. They were afraid of him because all the crowds of people were amazed at his preaching. Therefore they looked for a way so that they could kill Isa.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “The chief priests and the teachers of the law heard about what Jesus did. They were afraid of Jesus for the many people liked to hear his teaching. That’s why the leaders were looking for a way that they might be permitted to have Jesus put to death.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “The leaders of the priests and the teachers of the law heard-the-news of what Jesus had done, and they were looking-for how they would kill him. Because they were afraid of him, because of-the-fact-that the many-people were amazed at what he was teaching.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “This was heard by the chiefs of the priests and the explainers of law. From then on, they were looking for how they could get Jesus killed, for they were afraid of him. Because as for the crowd, they were really fascinated with his teaching.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Mairasi: “The headmen of the religious leaders [chief priests] and people who write and explain Great Above One’s prohibitions [scribes] heard this message. Then they looked for bait/lies/excuse/way to kill him because they were afraid of Him: ‘The people will follow Him’ said they and they were afraid that the people would not respect religious leaders [priests]. Because all the people gazed at him their-breath-evaporated [in amazement] because of his strong words.” (Source: Enggavoter 2004)

complete verse (Luke 19:35)

Following are a number of back-translations of Luke 19:35:

  • Noongar: “And they brought the donkey to Jesus. Then they threw their coats on the donkey and helped Jesus to get on.” (Source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang)
  • Uma: “When they had brought it to Yesus, they saddled it with their shirts/clothes and caused-to-ride Yesus.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “Then they brought the donkey to Isa and they covered it (as saddle) with their clothes and then Isa rode on it.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And then they took that donkey to Jesus and they saddled it with their shirts and they put him on it.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “Then they took it to Jesus. They spread their outer clothes on the back of the donkey and then they caused-Jesus -to-ride.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “They then brought to Jesus that young asno. When they arrived, they made-a-saddle-with their cloaks and then they caused Jesus to ride.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Bariai: “It came about that they pulled it to go to Iesus, and they threw their long clothing onto the donki’s top side, and then helped Iesus to get up and sit on it.” (Source: Bariai Back Translation)
  • Kupsabiny: “They came along with it until where Jesus was. When they arrived, they removed their outer clothes and placed (them) on the colt’s back for Jesus to sit on.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
  • Mairasi: “They came along with it until where Jesus was. When they arrived, they removed their outer clothes and placed (them) on the colt’s back for Jesus to sit on.” (Source: Enggavoter 2004)
  • Hiligaynon: “They took (it) right-away to Jesus. When (they) arrived there, they covered the ass with their cloaks/clothes and had- Jesus -ride-on (it).” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)

complete verse (Acts 2:6)

Following are a number of back-translations of Acts 2:6:

  • Uma: “When they heard that noise that was like wind, they came in throngs to gather-together. They were confused, because they each heard their own language being used by those apostles of Lord Yesus.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “When they heard the noise (going on) inside that house where the disciples of Isa were gathered, a great number of them went there gathering. They were greatly surprised, because they heard the disciples of Isa speak like the language of each one of them.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And when they heard this noise, they all gathered together there, and they were very surprised because each one of the people who gathered there, he could hear his very own language being spoken by the believers.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “When they heard that-aforementioned noise, many were those who went to go see. They were open-mouthed (with surprise), because when they heard what the believers in Jesus were telling, each-one heard in his own (lit. proper) language.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “When they heard that sound, many approached there. On arriving, they were bewildered for they heard being spoken by those believers the languages of those lands they had come from.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “When they heard that roaring-noise, they quickly went there where the believers are-gathering. They were very surprised because each one of them was-able-to-hear that it was his language being-spoken by the believers.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • Mairasi: “When they themselves heard that sound come down, many people gathered together. They themselves their breath kept escaping because they themselves heard Yesus’ sent-ones continuously speaking in each person’s own language. ” (Source: Enggavoter 2004)
  • Bariai: “And they heard that sound, and so many of them came and gathered together, yet they were confused, because they heard talk coming forth in each of their languages.” (Source: Bariai Back Translation)
  • Kupsabiny: “When they heard that noise they gathered together. As each of them heard his language being spoken, they were amazed.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)

complete verse (Luke 4:7)

Following are a number of back-translations of Luke 4:7:

  • Noongar: “You will have all these things if you kneel to me.'” (Source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang)
  • Uma: “So, if you (sing.) worship me, I will give it all to you (sing.) right now.'” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “If you prostrate before me, all this is yours.'” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “All of this I will give to you if you will worship me.'” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “Kneel down then to worship/praise me, and all those will be yours (sing.).'” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “Therefore provided you will worship me, all can be yours.'” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Bariai: “Therefore if you kneel down and then lift up my name, then all these things will be yours.'” (Source: Bariai Back Translation)
  • Kupsabiny (verses 6 and 7): “He told Jesus, ‘If you kneel for me, I will give you the authority to rule all these countries, because I have the authority to give to any one whom I have accepted/chosen.'” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
  • Mairasi: “All of that will be Yours, if You will bow down [and] worship me then it will happen’ says he.” (Source Enggavoter 2004)