Language-specific Insights

brothers and fathers

The Greek in Acts 7:2 that is translated as “brothers and fathers” in English is translated in various ways:

  • Purari: “younger and older brothers” (source: David Clark)
  • Mairasi: “fathers, friends, in-laws & all” (source: Enggavoter 2004)
  • Bariai: “companions and elders” (source: Bariai Back Translation)
  • Teutila Cuicatec: “all of you, officials of our nation and my brothers”
  • Isthmus Mixe: “old men and brothers” (according to order of respect)
  • Lalana Chinantec “companions, men”
  • Eastern Highland Otomi: “you men, fathers”
  • Chichimeca-Jonaz: “you who are our relatives, and you whom I made my fathers”
  • Highland Popoluca: “my older uncles”
  • Rincón Zapotec: “elders and brothers” (source for this and six above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)

See also brothers and fathers.

tent of testimony

The Greek in Acts 7:44 that is translated as “tent of testimony” or similar in English is translated as

  • “a leather house which they could pack up again, where they remembered God” in Lalana Chinantec
  • “cloth house where they worshiped God” in Eastern Highland Otomi
  • “cloth house where God spoke to the people” in Chichimeca-Jonaz
  • “house of God where they kept the stones on which were written the commandments of God” in Morelos Nahuatl
  • “small holy house which was of the skins of animals, in it were the stones which contained the ten commandments” in San Mateo del Mar Huave
  • “church inside which the slates on which God’s law was written were kept” in Teutila Cuicatec (source for this and above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)
  • “Tent of meeting God” in Nigerian Fulfulde (source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
  • “the tent of the testimony showing that God is present” in Elhomwe (source: project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
  • “God’s shelter together with the box of the law which confirmed his talk” in Bariai (source: Bariai Back Translation)
  • “Great Above One’s Cloth House” in Mairiasi (source: Enggavoter 2004)

See also tabernacle (noun) and tent of meeting.

uneducated and ordinary men

The Greek in Acts 4:13 that is translated as “uneducated and ordinary men” or similar in English is translated in the following ways:

  • Lalana Chinantec: “people who were not learned, humble people
  • Morelos Nahuatl: “hadn’t studied a lot but were like anybody”
  • Chichimeca-Jonaz: “had not studied long in school, truly ordinary people, that is not officials”
  • Chuj: “they had never studied, they were plain people”
  • Teutila Cuicatec: “were not from important families and didn’t know paper (= didn’t have education)”
  • Totontepec Mixe: “they talked like people who plow” (source for this and above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)
  • Mairasi: “bees’ wax [i.e., ignorant], unschooled men” (source: Enggavoter 2004)
  • German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999): “can neither read nor write nor have they have received any official schooling”

Sovereign Lord

The Greek that is translated in English as “Sovereign Lord” is translated as

  • “you who are Chief, you own all of us, truly you are God” in Chichimeca-Jonaz
  • “Big Father, you are God” in Isthmus Mixe
  • “my Lord who is the greatest” in Lalana Chinantec
  • “our Lord, he who is greatest before us” in Ayutla Mixtec
  • “you, Lord God, who is very great” in Tepeuxila Cuicatec
  • “you, the Lord able to do all things” in Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac
  • “God our Father, you are our Boss, the biggest” Tataltepec Chatino (source for this and all above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)
  • “Lord, Owner of All Power” in Hausa (source: Hausa Common Language Bible Back Translation)
  • “Lord who is mightier than all” in Hiligaynon (source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)

our own native language

The Greek in Acts 2:8 that is translated as “our own native language” or similar in English is translated as “the language we know when we were children” in Eastern Highland Otomi, “as we talk from when we were born” in Morelos Nahuatl, “the Chinantec we have spoken since we were small” in Lalana Chinantec, and “language we began to understand when still a baby” in Chichimeca-Jonaz. (Source: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)

See also complete verse (Acts 2:8).

devout

The Greek that is often translated in English as “devout” (or “pious”) is translated in various ways:

  • Lalana Chinantec: “[people who] revere God”
  • Chichimeca-Jonaz: “[people who] obey and worship God”
  • Eastern Highland Otomi: “[people who] remember God”
  • San Mateo del Mar Huave: “worshipers of God”
  • Tzotzil: “[people who] are zealously doing what they think is God’s word”
  • Mezquital Otomi: “[people who] very much believe what they have been taught about God” (source for this and five above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)
  • Chichewa interconfessional translation, publ. 1999: “[people who] love God” (source: Wendland 1998, p. 90)
  • Uma: “[people who] submit to Lord God” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “very religious” (source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “[people who] are faithful in carrying out the commands of God” (source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “[people who] are serving God” (source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “[people who] are indeed devout-worshipers of God” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Bariai: “[people who] respect God” (source: Bariai Back Translation)
  • Kupsabiny: “[people who] have dedicated themselves to God” (source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
  • German: “God-fearing” (gottesfürchtig) or “pious” (fromm)
  • Low German translation by Johannes Jessen, publ. 1933, republ. 2006: “[people who] take their faith very seriously” (source for this and above: Zetzsche)
  • Hausa Common Language Bible: “owners of worshiping God” (source: Hausa Common Language Bible Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “godly” (source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)

See also righteous / righteousness.

census

The Greek and Hebrew that is typically translated as “census” in English is translated in these ways: