become your father, begotten you

The Hebrew and Greek that is translated as “(today I have) begotten you (or: have become your father)” or similar in English is translated as “I have presented you before all people so that they might know that you are my own Son” in Teutila Cuicatec, as “you I have appointed now that you rule” in Tenango Otomi, and as “today I have given you work” in Lalana Chinantec. (Source: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)

See also complete verse (Acts 13:33) and only begotten son / (one and) only son.

differing language registers for Psalm 2

In the 1852 translation of the Psalms into Javanese by Johann F.C. Gericke, the translator attempted to highlight the different voices and sections of the psalm by using different language styles or sociolects of Javanese. Ngoko , a “top-down” register, was used when senior people communicated to people junior in age or rank, and kromo , a “bottom-up” and more ornate register, was used to address superiors and elders. According to Gericke (quoted in Solleveld, cited below) “If one sought to use one and the same language in the entire Psalm, no Javanese would understand it. The difference between Kromo and Ngoko is often as big as between Dutch and Polish.”

  • In verse 1 and 2, the psalmist uses kromo
  • In verse 3, the enemies of the king in Zion and rebels use ngoko
  • In verse 4 and 5, the pslamist again uses kromo
  • In verse 6, God himself is quoted in ngoko, but in a style differing from that of the rebels
  • In the first half of verse 7, the anointed king speaks kromo
  • From the second half of verse 7 and verses 8 and 9, containing the words of the Lord to his Anointed One, ngoko is used again
  • In verses 10, 11, and 12, the psalmist uses kromo in his admonition to the rebels.

(Source: Floris Solleveld in A Tale of Two Translators from the Global Bible project)

Source for Javanese language registers and the different sections of Psalm 2.

Psalm 2 in Koti

Following is a translation of Psalm 2 into song in Koti, by Tarikhi Ya Haakhi. The Koti text is translated into English within the video.

Following is another rendition only verses 1 and 2 by the same team in the same language:

℗ 2025 Wycliffe Bible Translators South Africa NPC. Used with permission. Part of the Psalms that Sing project.

complete verse (Psalm 2:7)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Psalm 2:7:

  • Chichewa Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero translation, 2002/2016:
    “I will proclaim what Jehovah has commanded:
    He said to Me, ‘You are my child;
    today I have become your Father.” (Source: Chichewa Back Translation)
  • Newari:
    “The king will proclaim what the LORD said (the LORD’s decree):
    ‘The LORD said to me, ‘You are my son,
    from today I have become your father.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon:
    “The king that was-chosen by God said,
    ‘I will-tell-others/declare what the LORD said to me, ‘You (sing.) (are) my son/[lit. child],
    and this-day/right-now I will-introduce/make-known that I am your (sing.) father.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • Eastern Bru:
    “The King God chose said this: "I will tell of the ways God has promised already. God said like this to me: ‘You are my child. Today I surely become your Father.” (Source: Bru Back Translation)
  • Laarim:
    “I will tell the matter in which the LORD promised to me.
    Who told me that, ‘You are my son,
    today I become your Father.” (Source: Laarim Back Translation)
  • Nyakyusa-Ngonde (back-translation into Swahili):
    “‘Nitatangaza sheria ya BWANA,
    aliniambia alisema,
    ‘Wewe ni mwanangu,
    leo mimi nimekuzaa.” (Source: Nyakyusa Back Translation)
  • English:
    “And his king says, ‘I will proclaim what Yahweh has decreed.
    He said to me, ‘It is as though you are my son; today I have declared to everyone that it is as though I am your father.” (Source: Translation for Translators)

complete verse (Acts 13:33)

Following are a number of back-translations of Acts 13:33:

  • Uma: “‘So, relatives, at this time, we (excl.) are the ones announce to you this Good News. What God promised long ago to our ancestors he has fulfilled to us their descendants at this time in his making Yesus live again from death. Like is written in the second Song of Daud: ‘You (sing.) are my Child, on this day I consider-you (sing.)-my-Child.'” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “That promise/covenant has been fulfilled to us (incl.) their descendants, in that he has made Isa alive again. It is written in the holy-book Jabur in the second song, God says there, ‘You are my Child/Son. This day I will make known that I am your Father.'” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “and we, their descendants, he has done here for us what he promised them because he raised Jesus from the dead. For there was that which God said there in the book of Psalms which was written long ago, there in the second Psalm, ‘You are my son and today I show that I am your Father.'” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “that is what has-been-fulfilled-to us their descendants, because his making-Jesus -alive was in our time. This furthermore is what what-is-written in the second Salmo is telling-about, saying, ‘You (sing.) are my child. Today I will show that I am your (sing.) Father.'” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “He really has now fulfilled it in this our time, we who are their descendants. For he set up Jesus as our Savior. This is what was meant by what was written in what is called The Songs, the second of which says, ‘Today, I am clearly-indicating that you are my Son. I am your Father.'” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)

For the Old Testament quotes, see Psalm 2:7 (from the Greek Septuagint).

female 2nd person singular pronoun in Psalms

In Garifuna the second person singular pronoun (“you” in English) has two forms. One is used in women’s speech and one in men’s speech. In the Garifuna Bible the form used in men’s speech is typically used, except when it’s clear that a woman is quoted or in Psalms where the women on the translation team insisted that the form used in women’s speech (buguya) would be used throughout the whole book.

Ronald Ross (in Omanson 2001, p. 375f.) tells the story: “Throughout most of the translation, [the distinctions between the different forms of the pronouns] presented no problem. Whenever the speaker in the text was perceived as a man, the male speech forms were used; and when a woman was speaking, the female speech forms were used. True, the women members of the translation team did object on occasion to the use of the male forms when the author (and narrator) of a book was unknown and the men translators had used the male speech forms as the default. Serious discord arose, however, during the translation of the Psalms because of their highly devotional nature and because throughout the book the psalmist is addressing God. The male translators had, predictably, used the male form to address God, and the male form to refer to the psalmist, even though women speakers of Garifuna never use those forms to address anyone. The women contended that they could not as women read the Psalms meaningfully if God and the psalmist were always addressed as if the readers were men. The men, of course, turned the argument around, claiming that neither could they read the Psalms comfortably if the reader was assumed to be a woman.

“Initially there seemed to be no way out of this impasse. However a solution was found in the ongoing evolution of the language. There is a strong propensity for male speech and female speech to merge in favor of the latter, so the few remaining male forms are gradually dying out. Moreover, male children learn female speech from their mothers and only shift to the male speech forms when they reach adolescence to avoid sounding effeminate. However they use the female form buguya when addressing their parents throughout life. So the women wielded two arguments: First, the general development of the language favored the increasing use of the female forms. Secondly, the female forms are less strange to the men than the male forms are to the women, because the men habitually use them during early childhood and continue to use them to address their parents even in adulthood. Therefore, the female pronominal forms prevailed and were adopted throughout the book of Psalms, though the male forms remained the default forms in the rest of the translation.”

See also female first person singular pronoun in Psalms and addressing God.

1st person pronoun referring to God (Japanese)

Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.

Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a first person singular and plural pronoun (“I” and “we” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. The most commonly used watashi/watakushi (私) is typically used when the speaker is humble and asking for help. In these verses, where God / Jesus is referring to himself, watashi is also used but instead of the kanji writing system (私) the syllabary hiragana (わたし) is used to distinguish God from others.

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

See also pronoun for “God”.

Honorary "are" construct denoting God ("say")

Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.

Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the usage of an honorific construction where the morpheme are (され) is affixed on the verb as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. This is particularly done with verbs that have God as the agent to show a deep sense of reverence. Here, iw-are-ru (言われる) or “say” is used.

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )