rising up in numbers

In Gbaya, the notion of rising up in large numbers in the referenced verses is emphasized in with the ideophone gɛrɛm.

Ideophones are a class of sound symbolic words expressing human sensation that are used as literary devices in many African languages. (Source: Philip Noss)

differing language registers for Psalm 2

In the 1852 translation of the Psalms into Javanese by Johann F.C. Gericke, the translator attempted to highlight the different voices and sections of the psalm by using different language styles or sociolects of Javanese. Ngoko , a “top-down” register, was used when senior people communicated to people junior in age or rank, and kromo , a “bottom-up” and more ornate register, was used to address superiors and elders. According to Gericke (quoted in Solleveld, cited below) “If one sought to use one and the same language in the entire Psalm, no Javanese would understand it. The difference between Kromo and Ngoko is often as big as between Dutch and Polish.”

  • In verse 1 and 2, the psalmist uses kromo
  • In verse 3, the enemies of the king in Zion and rebels use ngoko
  • In verse 4 and 5, the pslamist again uses kromo
  • In verse 6, God himself is quoted in ngoko, but in a style differing from that of the rebels
  • In the first half of verse 7, the anointed king speaks kromo
  • From the second half of verse 7 and verses 8 and 9, containing the words of the Lord to his Anointed One, ngoko is used again
  • In verses 10, 11, and 12, the psalmist uses kromo in his admonition to the rebels.

(Source: Floris Solleveld in A Tale of Two Translators from the Global Bible project)

Source for Javanese language registers and the different sections of Psalm 2.

Psalm 2 in Koti

Following is a translation of Psalm 2 into song in Koti, by Tarikhi Ya Haakhi. The Koti text is translated into English within the video.

Following is another rendition only verses 1 and 2 by the same team in the same language:

℗ 2025 Wycliffe Bible Translators South Africa NPC. Used with permission. Part of the Psalms that Sing project.

complete verse (Psalm 2:1)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Psalm 2:1:

  • Chichewa Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero translation, 2002/2016:
    “Why do people of other races want to do a conspiracy?
    Why are the people plotting worthless things?” (Source: Chichewa Back Translation)
  • Newari:
    “Why do the nations keep on conspiring?
    Why do people go on setting needless traps?” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon:
    “Why do nations plan evil?
    Why do they plan of no value?” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • Eastern Bru:
    “Why do all the people in the countries of the world look for ways to accuse/blame? Why do they discuss ideas/ways that have no meaning/results?” (Source: Bru Back Translation)
  • Laarim:
    “Why do the nations plot bad matters
    and people plot bad matters,
    that they do not have the power to do it?” (Source: Laarim Back Translation)
  • Nyakyusa-Ngonde (back-translation into Swahili):
    “Kwa nini makabila yanasemezana kumwasi Mungu,
    tena nchi zinawaza ya ovyo?” (Source: Nyakyusa Back Translation)
  • English:
    “Why do the leaders of nations rage against God?/ It is foolish for the nations to be angry with God.
    Why do people plan to rebel against God even though it is in vain?/ It is useless for people to plan to rebel against God!” (Source: Translation for Translators)

gentiles / nations

The Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Latin that is often translated as “gentiles” (or “nations”) in English is often translated as a “local equivalent of ‘foreigners,'” such as “the people of other lands” (Guerrero Amuzgo), “people of other towns” (Tzeltal), “people of other languages” (San Miguel El Grande Mixtec), “strange peoples” (Navajo (Dinė) (this and above, see Bratcher / Nida), “outsiders” (Ekari), “people of foreign lands” (Kannada), “non-Jews” (North Alaskan Inupiatun), “people being-in-darkness” (a figurative expression for people lacking cultural or religious insight) (Toraja-Sa’dan) (source for this and three above Reiling / Swellengrebel), “from different places all people” (Martu Wangka) (source: Carl Gross).

Tzeltal translates it as “people in all different towns,” Chicahuaxtla Triqui as “the people who live all over the world,” Highland Totonac as “all the outsider people,” Sayula Popoluca as “(people) in every land” (source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.), Chichimeca-Jonaz as “foreign people who are not Jews,” Sierra de Juárez Zapotec as “people of other nations” (source of this and one above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.), Highland Totonac as “outsider people” (source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.), Uma as “people who are not the descendants of Israel” (source: Uma Back Translation), “other ethnic groups” (source: Newari Back Translation), and Yakan as “the other tribes” (source: Yakan Back Translation).

In Chichewa, it is translated with mitundu or “races.” (Source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)

See also nations.

Psalm 2: Layer by Layer

The following are presentations by the Psalms: Layer by Layer project, run by Scriptura . The first is an overview and the second an introduction into the poetry of Psalm 2.


Copyright © Scriptura


Copyright © Scriptura

The overview in French (click or tap here to view the video):


Copyright © Scriptura

The overview in Russian (click or tap here to view the video):


Copyright © Scriptura

Why Do the People Rebel? Psalm 2

The following is an English translation of Psalm 2 into song by linguists & professional musicians under the auspices of The Spoken English Bible , an oral Bible translation designed to reach Americans who may not yet engage with Scripture and to serve as a model for Bible translation in minority languages.

Creative Commons Attribution license