The Greek that is translated as “my spirit” or “our spirit” in English is translated in the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) in these verses with mein (unser) Innerstes or “my (our) innermost.” The translators explain: “This concerns the invisible part of humans beings that is turned toward God and open for God. The Greek pneuma is used for that as well (just as for the Holy Spirit).”
your own stability
The Greek in 2 Peter 3:17 that is translated as “your own stability” or similar in English is translated in the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) with eure religiöse Heimat or “your religious home.”
who believed in his name
one object for special use and another for ordinary use
The Greek in Romans 9:21 that is translated as “one object for special use and another for ordinary use” or similar in English is translated in the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) with the word play Tafelgeschirr oder Nachtgeschirr or “table ware or chamber pot.”
turned over to Satan
The Greek in 1 Timothy 1:20 that is translated as “turned over to Satan” or similar in English is translated in the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) with in einem Fluchgebet an Satan übergeben or “handed over to Satan in a prayer of curse.”
who takes away the sin of the world
hungry
The Hebrew, Ge’ez, Latin, and Greek that is translated in English as “hungry” (or: “famished”) is translated in a number of ways:
- Noongar: “without stomach” (koborl-wirt) (source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang)
- Kölsch translation (Boch 2017): nix zo Käue han or “have nothing to chew on” and singe Mage hät geknottert wie ne Hungk or “his stomach growled like a dog” (source: Jost Zetzsche)
- German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999): Hunger überfiel ihn or “Hunger overtook (lit.: “attacked”) him” (in Matthew 4:2)
- Kupsabiny: “hunger ate him” (source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
- Mairasi: “feeling tuber pains” (tubers are the main staple) (source Enggavoter 2004)
- Chechen: “blinded by hunger” (Source: David Clark in The Bible Translator 2015, p. 117ff. )
hardness of heart
The Hebrew, Ge’ez, and Greek that is translated as “hardness of heart” in English is translated as “large heart” has been translated in many ways:
- San Mateo Del Mar Huave: “large heart”
- Shilluk: “tightness of heart”
- Copainalá Zoque: “blind in thoughts”
- Chicahuaxtla Triqui: “hard heads”
- Shipibo-Conibo: “ears without holes”
- Tzotzil and Tzeltal: “no pain in heart” (source for this and above: Bratcher /Nida 1961)
- Pwo Karen: “with thick ears and horns” (source: David Clark)
- Enlhet: “innermosts are deaf”
- Woun Meu: “stiff thinking” (source for last two: Jacob Loewen in The Bible Translator 1971, p. 169ff. )
- Thai: “black-hearted” (source: Bratcher / Hatton, p. 272)
- Anuak: “make liver strong” (source: Loren Bliese)
- Elhomwe: “dried heart” (source: project-specific translation notes in Paratext).
- Welsh Beibl Cymraeg Newydd Diwygiedig 2004: “darken(ed) understanding” (source: Iwan Rhys Jones in The Bible Translator 2003, p. 240ff. )
In the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) it is translated colloquially as wie vernagelt or “obtuse” (in Mark 6:52 and 8:17).
While Moba has a rich metaphorical library using the concept of “heart” (pal) it follows very different paradigms compared to Greek, Hebrew and English concepts. The parallel expression of “hardened heart” means “courageous” or “encouraged” (see hearts burning) so in the 2008 Moba Yendu Kadapaaonn translation various constructs are used to translate “hardness of heart,” including “not willing to change one’s mind” (in Mark 3:5) or “make temptation into the heart” (John 12:40). (Source: Bedouma Joseph Kobaike in Le Sycomore 17/1, 2024, p. 3ff. )
See also stubborn / hardness of heart.