Following are a number of back-translations of John 1:15:
Uma: “Yohanes the Baptizer caused-to-know the people who that Word was. He called loudly he said: ‘He is the one I said earlier! I said: there will be one who comes after me, but his power surpasses mine. Because before I was born, he already was.'” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
Yakan: “Yahiya talked about the Word. He spoke loudly, he said, ‘This is he/it that I talked to you about, I said, ‘There is somebody coming here after me. He is greater than I because when I was not yet born, he was already beforehand.’ ‘ This is what Yahiya said.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And this John, he caused people to understand who that one was who is titled the Word of God. John spoke out loudly. He said, ‘This is the person I told about when I said, ‘There is one who comes later than I who is greater than I because long ago before I was born, he already was,’ ‘ said John.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
Kankanaey: “Juan confirmed/verified-concerning him saying, ‘This is the one I was talking-about when I told you that the one who would-follow-me was greater than I, because before I was yet born, he already-existed.'” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
Tagbanwa: “He was being testified about by this Juan who was shouting it out, saying, ‘This one is he of whom I told when I said then as-you-heard, the one who is coming next after me, he is superior to me, because before I was born, he already was/existed.'” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
Tenango Otomi: “John told the people who he was. He said, ‘This one is that one I spoke of before. Because I already said, ‘He who comes afterwards is greater than I because before I was living, already he was living.”” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)
Huehuetla Tepehua: “John told what he knew about that Word. When he was preaching he spoke loudly and this is what he said: ‘The one who is coming afterwards, he is the big one. Not I, since he was living before me. Not I. He is the one I preached to you about.'” (Source: M. Larson / B. Moore in Notes on Translation February 1970, p. 1-125.)
Hiligaynon: “Juan bore-witness about him. He said, ‘He is whom I am-speaking-of who will-arrive after me. But he is higher-(in position) than I, for before I was born, he was already there before.'” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
Mairasi: “Yohanis lived as a witness about this message then shouting, he said: ‘This is the One, consistent with my throat which I said: ‘He Himself, the One Who will eventually come, He Himself is the One Who is Important. I myself am small. Because He Himself lived ahead of time then I myself was born.’ I regularly say’ said Yohanis.” (Source: Enggavoter 2004)
Bariai: “Ioanes confirmed talk about him and so called and said, ‘This man, previously I spoke to you(pl) about him as follows, ‘A man comes after me, his name/status is greater than me. For he was living prior to the day in which I hadn’t come forth yet.’’ ” (Source: Bariai Back Translation)
Kupsabiny: “He is the one whom John said by calling aloud that, ‘He is the one whom I said will come after me who has powers more than me because he was there when I was not yet born.'” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
Following are a number of back-translations of James 5:8:
Uma: “So also we must be patient, relatives. Make-stay your hearts, for our Lord is indeed about to arrive.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
Yakan: “Likewise also you, you should not become tired/fed-up waiting. Cause your livers to be steadfast for the time is near when our (incl.) Lord Isa Almasi comes.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And as for us (incl.) also, it is necessary that we endure our waiting. Let us draw our faith tight for the day when the Lord will return is soon.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
Kankanaey: “Therefore you also, be-patient/endure and strengthen your minds, because the Lord’s coming is near.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
Tagbanwa: “Hopefully you will be like that too, that you won’t get tired of it either, but rather will hold fast and firmly-ground your believing/obeying, because the time when the Lord will return is coming close now.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
Tenango Otomi: “You also be like that, don’t be impatient. Because the day that the Lord Jesus Christ comes is approaching.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)
Bariai: “You also must encourage yourselves (lit. strengthen your interiors) in your difficult experiences and so be awaiting the Chief. For soon he will come.” (Source: Bariai Back Translation)
Mairasi: “Do the same my in-laws. Turn your liver good because truly Above-One’s day is already approaching! (Source: Enggavoter 2004)
Description: The trumpet was a wind instrument, frequently used in signaling, especially in connection with war. It was made of metal (the trumpets mentioned in Numbers 10:2 et al. were made of silver). It was a straight, narrow tube, about 40-45 centimeters (16-18 inches) in length. One end had a mouthpiece, while the other end was widened into a bell shape.
Usage: The sound on the trumpet was made by blowing into the mouthpiece in such a way as to vibrate the lips. The vibrations were magnified as they passed along the widening body of the tube.
The purpose of the trumpet in Israel was primarily to signal. Numbers 10 lists a variety of occasions in which the trumpets were to be used, including signaling the people to break camp, calling all of the people together for a meeting, calling only the leaders together, sounding an alarm at the beginning of a battle, and blowing them for liturgical purposes during certain festivals. It is significant that it was the task of the priests to sound the trumpets.
Translation: Generally speaking, translators may distinguish between the Hebrew words chatsotsrah and shofar by rendering chatsotsrah as “trumpet” or “bugle” and shofar with a more generic word for “horn” or with “ram’s horn.” Note the following comment in Translation commentary on Psalm 98:4 – 98:6: “In some languages it will not be possible to make a distinction between the two Hebrew terms translated trumpets and horn. In such cases the local term for a horn will be used. The Greek Old Testament used only one term.”
The exact meaning of the Aramaic word qeren in Daniel 3:5 and following is debated. It probably refers to a brass wind instrument and is best rendered “horn.”
The present-day equivalent for the Greek word salpigx is “bugle.” A bugle is generally smaller than a trumpet and is often associated with the sounding of military signals.
Man blowing a trumpet (source: Horace Knowles (c) British and Foreign Bible Society 1954, 1967, 1972)
Following are a number of back-translations of Mark 1:13:
Uma: “Forty days he was there. While he was in that field, the King of Evil-ones tempted him. Wild animals were with him, and angels took care of him.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
Yakan: “Forty days (and nights) he was tempted there by the leader of demons. There were also forest animals there but Isa was cared for by the angels.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
Western Bukidnon Manobo: “Jesus stayed there for forty days, and Satan tested him to see if he might sin. And there were also there harmful beasts, but the angels of God came to Jesus and took care of him.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
Kankanaey: “He stayed there for forty days while-simultaneously also Satanas (Satan) tried-repeatedly to tempt him. There were also fierce animals where he was, but (reassurance particle) there were angels who were helping him.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
Tagbanwa: “Forty days was how long he was there. He was tempted/tested by Satanas as to whether he could-be-caused- by him -to-fall (into sin, fig.). There in that place there were wild animals, but Jesus was being served by angels.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
Bariai: “He stayed in that area for a duration of forty days, and Satan was testing him. He was living with the wild animals, and anggelos came and helped him.” (Source: Bariai Back Translation)
Kupsabiny: “He stayed there for forty days without anything he was eating. Satan tempted him while he was there. When Satan had left, (the) angels of God came and helped him.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
Mairasi: “There at-this-place where there were no other people the Headman-of-the-malevolent-spirits regularly tempted him, there were wild jungle-meat around him, and angels whom Great Above One sent regularly cared for him. He stayed there until finally two complete persons [40 = 2 people = 40 fingers & toes] days.” [For the counting system, see body part tally systems.] (Source Enggavoter 2004)
Shipibo-Conibo: “Then he was where no house is, forty days. While there, Satan wanted to make him do evil. He was also among biting things. Then the word bringers made him eat.” (Source: James Lauriault in The Bible Translator 1951, p. 32ff. )
Balinese: “Forty nights long He was in the barren field, tempted by Sang [‘Sang’ is a personal article that is often attached to the names of persons or powers that are characteristic of the normal, human, every-day world] Satan. There He was in the midst of wild beasts, served by the heavenly messengers.” (Source: J.L. Swellengrebel in The Bible Translator 1950, p. 75ff. )
English translation by Michael Pakaluk (2019): “And he was in the desert for forty days, where he was put to the test by Satan. He faced dangerous animals. And the angels ministered to him.”
Following are a number of back-translations of Acts 2:5:
Uma: “At that time also, there were in Yerusalem many Yahudi from towns all over the world. Those people were all ones who submitted to Lord God.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
Yakan: “At that time there were in Awrusalam Yahudi from the-many-countries in the world. They were very religious people.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And there were Jews there in Jerusalem who had come from every country here on top of the earth, and they were faithful in carrying out the commands of God.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
Kankanaey: “There were Jews who were serving God who were staying in Jerusalem. They were from all the nations in this world.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
Tagbanwa: “Well, at that time, there were in Jerusalem Jews who came from many different lands here under the heavens. As for those people, they were indeed devout-worshippers of God.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
Hiligaynon: “At the same time, there in Jerusalem, there were some godly Jews who came-from the different nations of the whole world.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
Mairasi: “At that time Yehudi people, from the various villages and languages of this whole who honored Above-One, lived in Yerusalem. ” (Source: Enggavoter 2004)
Bariai: “And in that day, some people of Iuda who respected God were living in the areas of all tribes on earth, and they went to Ierusalem for the feast and so were visitors.” (Source: Bariai Back Translation)
Kupsabiny: “There were some Jews in Jerusalem who had dedicated themselves to God. They came from different parts of the world.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
Following are a number of back-translations of Luke 4:6:
Noongar: “The Devil said to him, ‘I will give you all these things, great power and wealth. Now I own all this, and I can give everything to the person I want.” (Source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang)
Uma: “and he said to him: ‘The authority to rule all those kingdoms and all their wealth, I will give it all to you (sing.), because I am the lord of all, and I can give it whomever I want.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
Yakan: “The leader of the demons said to him, ‘I will give you authority so that you can rule over all these countries and their riches. For this has been given/handed over to me and I can give it to whoever I want to.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And Satan said, ‘The rule over all these kingdoms and all of this wealth I will give to you. The rule over all of these is given to me, and it’s possible for me also to give it to whom ever I want to.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
Kankanaey: “The Diablo said, ‘I will give you (sing.) the authority to rule-over all those so that their wealth will be yours (sing.). Because all were given to me, and I am able to give them also to whomever I want.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
Tagbanwa: “Satanas said, ‘I really will submit to you the control and praiseworthiness/glory of all these kingdoms, for all of them are given to me. Therefore I can give them to whoever I want.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
Bariai: “And then the bad man said to him, ‘I will put all these areas with their good things up into your hand. For it’s existing in my hand, and so I’m able to give it to whomever I want.” (Source: Bariai Back Translation)
Kupsabiny (verses 6 and 7): “He told Jesus, ‘If you kneel for me, I will give you the authority to rule all these countries, because I have the authority to give to any one whom I have accepted/chosen.'” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
Mairasi: “Then the malevolent spirit said to Yesus: “I will give You the authorities, the many things, everything in this world. Because all of these things I myself have already received then whoever [is in] my throat [to whomever I have in mind], then I will give it to him.” (Source Enggavoter 2004)
Following are a number of back-translations of John 1:5:
Huehuetla Tepehua: “That one who gives understanding to the minds of men, he was like a light that shines where it is dark. But the one who walks where it is dark (the devil) couldn’t overcome him.”
Ojitlán Chinantec: “For people are in the evil way, as if to say, they are in darkness. But he illuminates people. The evil one did not prevail over that one who illuminates people.”
Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac: “He is like a light which illuminates where it is dark. And the devil, he is of the darkness but he cannot conquer the light.”
Yatzachi Zapotec: “The person who is the word has light for the hearts of mankind. Even though there is very much evil in this world where he arrived, the evil did not shut off his light.” (Source for this and above: M. Larson / B. Moore in Notes on Translation February 1970, p. 1-125.)
Chol: “The light of the world shows itself in the midst of a very dark world. This very dark world was not able to put out the light.” Wilbur Aulie (in The Bible Translator 1957, p. 109ff. ) explains the use of “put out the light” (click here to display)
“The problem of multiple meanings is often involved in the rendering of figures. Some hold that Greek katelaben in John 1:5 means both ‘to grasp with the mind’ (i.e., ‘to comprehend’) and ‘to grasp with the hand’ (i.e., to overcome’). Many translators are obliged to make a choice here. In Chol there is no choice, since the darkness cannot comprehend, even metaphorically speaking. It was therefore rendered: ‘The darkness did not put out the light’.”
Uma: “That light shone/shines in the darkness, and the darkness was/is not able to kill it/him [NOTE: The verb ‘kill’ can be used of putting out a light or fire]” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
Yakan: “This light shines in darkness and the light can really not be put out by the darkness.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
Western Bukidnon Manobo: “That light has illumined the darkness here upon the earth, and the light was not defeated by this darkness.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
Kankanaey: “He has-been-steadily-illuminating the darkness, and the darkness, it is not able-to-defeat the light.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
Tagbanwa: “He gives-light/makes-clear like a light/lamp in darkness, but those who are in darkness, they don’t want to be shined-on by this light.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
Tenango Otomi: “The light shines in darkness and it is not able to be put out.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)
Hiligaynon: “This light lightens the darkness, and its light was not overcome by darkness. ” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
Mairasi: “That is the true Light which already arrived in this world to brighten people.” (Source: Enggavoter 2004)
Bariai: “The light shined in the dark place, yet it wasn’t possible for the darkness to surpass that light.” (Source: Bariai Back Translation)
Kupsabiny: “That light shines in the darkness and that darkness doesn’t swallow (the) light.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
