The Greek, Latin, Ge’ez, and Hebrew that is translated with “joy” or “gladness” in English is translated with various strategies:
- Baoulé: “a song in the stomach” (see also peace (inner peace))
- Bambara: “the spirit is made sweet”
- Kpelle: “sweet heart”
- Tzeltal: “the good taste of one’s heart”
- Uduk: “good to the stomach”
- Mískito: “the liver is wide open” (“happily letting the pleasures flooding in upon it”) (source for this and above: Nida 1952)
- Mairasi: “good liver” (source: Enggavoter 2004)
- Noongar: koort-kwabba-djil or “heart very good” (source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang)
- Chicahuaxtla Triqui: “refreshed heart” (source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.).
- Hausa Common Language Bible: farin ciki or “white stomach.” Other languages that use the same expression include Southern Birifor (pʋpɛl), Dera (popolok awo), Reshe (ɾipo ɾipuhã). (Source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
See also Seat of the Mind for traditional views of “ways of knowing, thinking, and feeling,” happiness / joy, and exceeding joy.
Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Psalm 110:1:
- Chichewa Contempary Chichewa translation, 2002/2016:
“Jehovah is telling my Lord that,
‘Sit at my right hand
until I turn your enemies
to be a footstool for your feet.’” (Source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)
- Newari:
“The Lord said to my [Lit.: our] LORD,
"Sit at my right hand
until your enemies have been put beneath your feet."” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
- Hiligaynon:
“The LORD said to my Lord,
‘(You) sit here at my right-side until I will-caused-to-be-under you your enemies.’” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
- Laarim:
“The LORD tells my Lord that,
‘You stay at my right hand,
for long until I defeat your enemies,
I put them under your feet.’” (Source: Laarim Back Translation)
- Hausa Common Language Bible:
“LORD said to my Lord
‘Sit here at my right hand
until I put your friends of front [i.e., ‘enemies’]
under your feet.” (Source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
- Nyakyusa-Ngonde (back-translation into Swahili):
“BWANA anamwambia Bwana wangu anasema,
‘Ukae upande wangu wa kulia,
kufika ambapo nitawaweka maadui wako,
chini ya miguu yako.’” (Source: Nyakyusa Back Translation)
- English:
“Yahweh said to my lord the king,
‘Sit here, close to me, in the place of highest honor
until I completely defeat your enemies and make them like a stool for your feet!’” (Source: Translation for Translators)
Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Psalm 110:2:
- Chichewa Contempary Chichewa translation, 2002/2016:
“Jehovah will enlarge the powerful rod of your kingship from Zion;
you will rule among your enemies.” (Source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)
- Newari:
“From Jerusalem the LORD will make your strong kingdom large.
You will become king over your enemies.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
- Hiligaynon:
“From Zion, the LORD will-make-wide/spread-out your (sing.) kingdom,
and you (sing.) will-rule over your (sing.) enemies.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
- Laarim:
“The LORD will increase your glorious kingdom starting from Zion,
and you will rule your enemies.” (Source: Laarim Back Translation)
- Hausa Common Language Bible:
“LORD will hand over your stick of ruling
from Jerusalem he will rule
over all your friends of front
round with you.” (Source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
- Nyakyusa-Ngonde (back-translation into Swahili):
“Ee mfalme, BWANA ataieneza enzi yako kutoka katika Sayuni,
anasema, ‘Utawale maadui wako wote.’” (Source: Nyakyusa Back Translation)
- English:
“Yahweh also said to him, ‘I will extend your power as king
from Jerusalem to other lands;
you will rule over all your enemies.” (Source: Translation for Translators)
Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Psalm 110:3:
- Chichewa Contempary Chichewa translation, 2002/2016:
“Your war (people) will be dedicated
on your day of war.
Having clothed the holiness of glory,
from the womb of dawn,
you will receive the dew of your youth.” (Source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)
- Newari:
“On the day that You go to war against your enemies,
Your people will go wherever You desire.
Like the dew of early morning,
Your youth will come to You on the holy mountain.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
- Hiligaynon:
“In the day that you (sing.) fight with your (sing.) enemies, your (sing.) people will- willingly -help you (sing.).
Your (sing.) young people will-come to you (sing.) on the holy mountains like dew in the morning.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
- Laarim:
“When you go to the battle,
your soldiers will want to fight for you.
You will put on beautiful clothes,
and your power will be increase always
to stay like dew of morning.” (Source: Laarim Back Translation)
- Hausa Common Language Bible:
“With agreeing of life,
your people will hand over their head (i.e., ‘themselves’)
on day of when you lead with your soldiers
dress with glory with greatness
like how dew bursts in the early morning
it brings newness
so is your youthfulness
it will burst to you.” (Source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
- Nyakyusa-Ngonde (back-translation into Swahili):
“Watu wako watakuja kujitoa wenyewe,
katika siku ya vita vyako.
Katika utukufu wa utakatifu wako,
watakuja vijana wa kiume wako,
kama vile umande asubuhi sana.” (Source: Nyakyusa Back Translation)
- English:
“On the day that you lead your armies into battle, many of your people will volunteer to join your army.
Like the dew refreshes the earth early in the morning,
young men will encourage you by coming to help you.’” (Source: Translation for Translators)
Following are a number of back-translations of Matthew 24:42:
- Uma: “That’s why I say be on the watch, for you do not know when your Lord will come.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
- Yakan: “Therefore watch-out, for you do not know as to what day I will come.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
- Western Bukidnon Manobo: “Order your lives carefully because you don’t know when the day will be when I your Lord will return.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
- Kankanaey: “Therefore be always ready, because you do not know the exact day that your Lord will come.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
- Tagbanwa: “That’s why you are to be always prepared, because you don’t know which day your Lord will come.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
- Tenango Otomi: “Therefore be waiting, because you do not know what day or hour your Lord will come.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)
- Hausa: “Because of this live with readiness, for you don’t know the day that your Lord will return.” (Source: Hausa Common Language Bible Back Translation)
Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Psalm 110:4:
- Chichewa Contempary Chichewa translation, 2002/2016:
“Jehovah has vowed
and he will not change his thoughts:
‘You are a priest until forever
according to the priesthood of Melchizedek.’” (Source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)
- Newari:
“The Lord has made a great promise,
and He will not change His mind,
"You are a priest forever like Melchizedek."” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
- Hiligaynon:
“The LORD has-sworn, and his mind/[lit. thinking] will- never -change, that you (sing.) (are) a priest without end, like the priestly-line of Melkizedek.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
- Laarim:
“The LORD promised,
and he will not change his thinking again,
when he said that, ‘You are priest forever,
you stay like Melchizedek.’” (Source: Laarim Back Translation)
- Hausa Common Language Bible:
“LORD does oath
he will not change his decision
‘You priest is for ever
according to order of Melchizedek.'” (Source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
- Nyakyusa-Ngonde (back-translation into Swahili):
“BWANA aliapa, hatabadirisha ambayo amefikiri,
‘Wewe uko kuhani wa milele na milele,
kama jinsi alivyokuwa Melkizedeki.’” (Source: Nyakyusa Back Translation)
- English:
“Yahweh has made a solemn promise, and he will never change his mind;
he has said to the king, ‘You will be a priest forever
serving Yahweh like Melchizedek did.’” (Source: Translation for Translators)
Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Psalm 110:5:
- Chichewa Contempary Chichewa translation, 2002/2016:
“The Lord is at your right hand;
He will trample on kings on the day of his wrath.” (Source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)
- Newari:
“The Lord [Adonai] who is on Your right will crush kings on the day of His anger.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
- Hiligaynon:
“The LORD (is) here at your (sing.) side;
he will-destroy the kings at the time that he shows his anger.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
- Laarim:
“The Lord stays by your right hand.
When he is angry, he will defeat many kings.” (Source: Laarim Back Translation)
- Hausa Common Language Bible:
“Lord is at your right hand
he will break-break kings on his day of anger” (Source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
- Nyakyusa-Ngonde (back-translation into Swahili):
“Bwana yuko upande wako wa kulia,
atawaponda wafalme wakati amechukia.” (Source: Nyakyusa Back Translation)
- English:
“Yahweh stands in the place of highest honor at your right side;
when he becomes angry, he will defeat many kings.” (Source: Translation for Translators)
Following are a number of back-translations of Romans 1:3:
- Uma: “That Good News tells who the Child of God is, our Lord Yesus Kristus. According to his birth as mankind, Yesus is the descendant of King Daud of old. But that Yesus is also the Child of God, for he is holy the same as God. That is clear because God caused him to live again, and with that amazing sign he made-clear that he indeed is the Child of God.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
- Yakan: “This good news is about God’s Child/Son, Isa Almasi, our (incl.) Leader. He was born in the world a descendant of King Da’ud when he was a human being.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
- Western Bukidnon Manobo: “This is the news about our Lord Jesus Christ, son of God. And as for this Jesus, he became a human for he was born as a descendant of the long ago King David.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
- Kankanaey: “What this good news talks-about, it is his Child Jesu Cristo who is our Lord. As concerning his personhood, he was a descendant of King David.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
- Tenango Otomi: “This good news tells about our Lord Jesus Christ, the son of God. It tells that he became a person, and tells that he is the descendant of the ruler David.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)
- Isthmus Zapotec: “This gospel teaches us of His son who came from among the children (family) of David at the time when he came to be a person of this world, and He is Jesus Christ our Lord.”
- Central Tarahumara: “And this very Good Word of God speaks advising us about the Son of God, who is our Lord Jesus Christ. And here in the world Jesus Christ was born as a baby boy. And he was born as one of David’s grandsons like.” (Source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.)
- Hausa: “This gospel is about his Son Jesus Christ our Lord it is. By human he is from the tribe of David,” (Source: Hausa Common Language Back Translation)
