The Greek in John 4:35 that is translated as “Do you not say, ‘Four months more, then comes the harvest’?” or similar in English is translated in the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) as Ihr kennt doch die alte Bauernregel: ‘Nach der Saat der Monde vier, steht die Ernte vor der Tür’ or “You know the old country lore: ‘After sowing the moons are four, then the harvest knocks at the door.'” The “country lore” is written exactly in the style of a German country lore, including the rhythm of the language and the rhyme at the end of the lines.
Language-specific Insights
kiss (feet)
The Greek that is translated as “kissing his feet” and “kiss my feet” in these verses in English is translated in Medumba as “massaged his feet,” as people do to show reverence to a chief, especially when imploring his protection or forgiveness. (Source: Reiling / Swellengrebel)
In Luke 7:38, the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) translates as küßte sie zärtlich or “kissed them tenderly.”
See also kiss and kiss his feet.
busybody
The Greek in 2 Thessalonians 3:11 that is sometimes translated in English as “busybody” is translated in Chokwe as mukwa moko a jiji or “he with the hands of a fly.” D. B. Long (in The Bible Translator 1954, p. 87ff. ) explains: “This seems startling, but then these people have a firsthand knowledge of flies in large numbers, and thoroughly detest them. They say they dabble in everyone’s food and add insult to injury by rubbing their ‘hands’ first in front of them and then behind. So a busybody is always puttering in other people’s affairs and he does not always rub his hands in the same way: part of hit is behind his back, you are never sure that you know what he is doing.”
In the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) it is translated as “someone killing time.”
phylacteries, tefillin
The Greek in Matthew 23:5 that is translated as “phylacteries” or “tefillin” in many English translations is translated in Uma as “prayer headbands” (source: Uma Back Translation), in Yakan as “containers for the writing copied from the holy-book which are tied to foreheads and arms” (source: Yakan Back Translation), in Kankanaey as “storage-place of verses that are part of the law, that they tie around foreheads and arm/hands” (source: Kankanaey Back Translation), and in Tagbanwa as “that which is bound round the head and arm which containing a few words of the written word of God” (source: Tagbanwa Back Translation).
In Lokạạ it is translated as yakubẹẹn bạ yafọngi kaa likạ or “boxes where words are written,” therefore “describing the appearance of the item rather than its function.” (Source: J.A. Naudé, C.L. Miller Naudé, J.O. Obono in Acta Theologica 43/2, 2023, p. 129ff. )
The now commonly-used German term Denkzettel (literally “contemplation note”), which today is primarily used with the meaning of a penalty or an experience that’s supposed to change a person’s behavior, goes back to Martin Luther’s 1522 New Testament translation for “phylacteries.” It was kept through and including the revision of 1912. (Source: Redewendungen aus der Bibel )
Click or tap here to see a short video clip about phylacteries (source: Bible Lands 2012)
be of one heart and soul
The Greek in Acts 4:32 that is translated as “be of one heart and soul” in English is translated in Elhomwe idiomatically as “agree in hearts and thoughts.” (Source: project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
In the 2008 Moba Yendu Kadapaaonn translation “be of one heart” is translated as “(this who believed) had one mouth.” (Source: Bedouma Joseph Kobaike in Le Sycomore 17/1, 2024, p. 3ff. )
In German, the idiom ein Herz und eine Seele (literally “one heart and one soul”) has become a widely-used idiom relating to a very close relationship. It was made popular in 1522 in the German New Testament translation by Martin Luther. (Source: Redewendungen aus der Bibel )
lowered the sea anchor
The Greek in Acts 27:17 that is translated as “lowered the sea anchor” in English is translated in Elhomwe as “lowered the cloth” “because of what follows about drifting” (see also Translation commentary on Acts 27:17). (Source: project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
In the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) it is translates as Treibanker, eine Art Floß, dass die Fahrt des im Sturm treibenden Schiffs verlangsamte or “drift anchor, a kind of raft that slowed the speed of the ship drifting in the storm.”
See also anchor.
word play in Amos 5:5
Amos 5.5 provides another case [of a word play]. The word from God to his people is:
“For Gilgal will surely go into exile (haggilgal galon yigleh)
and Bethel will become nothing (bet-‘el yihyeh le’aven).”
The poet plays on the sound of both place names. With “Gilgal” Amos uses the infinitive form galoh plus the imperfect form of the same root
yigleh. With “Bethel” he reverses the order of the consonants ‘aleph and lamed so that bet-‘el becomes le’aven, the “House of God” becomes “nothing.” (Source: P.R. Raabe in The Bible Translator 2000, p. 201ff. ).
The German Gute Nachricht (Good News) translation (2018 revision) uses a different, but also very effective word play by alliterating “Bet-El” with “Bettelstab” (“beggar’s staff) and “Gilgal” with “Galgen” (“gallows”):
Geht nicht nach Bet-El; denn Bet-El muss an den Bettelstab! Geht auch nicht nach Gilgal; denn Gilgal muss an den Galgen! (“Don’t go to Bet-El, for Bet-El must take up a beggar’s staff! Nor go to Gilgal, for Gilgal must go to the gallows!”)
it is finished
For the Greek in John 19:30 that is translated with an equivalent of “It is finished (or: completed)” in most English Bible translations a perfect tense is used that has no direct equivalent in English. It expresses that an event has happened at a specific point in the past but that that event has ongoing results. The English “Expanded Translation” by Kenneth S. Wuest (publ. 1961) attempted to recreate that by translating “It has been finished and stands complete.”
Irish uses yet a different system of tenses, resulting in these translations:
- Atá sé ar na chríochnughadh (Bedell An Biobla Naomhtha, publ. early 17th century): “It is upon its completion”
- Tá críoch curtha air (Ó Cuinn Tiomna Nua, publ. 1970): “Completion is put on it”
- Tá sé curtha i gcrích (An Bíobla Naofa, publ. 1981): “It is put in completion”
Source for the Irish: Kevin Scannell
In Ojitlán Chinantec it is translated as “My work is finished,” in Aguaruna as “It is completely accomplished,” and in Mezquital Otomi as “Now all is finished which I was commanded to do.” (Source for this and above: M. Larson / B. Moore in Notes on Translation February 1970, p. 1-125.)
In Mandarin Chinese, it is translated as chéng le (成了) which means both “it is completed” and “it is finished” (source: Zetzsche), in Ebira it is translated as Ma sị mẹ ta or “I have finally completed/finished it” (source: Scholz /Scholz 2015, p. 98), and in both German and Dutch major translations it is translated as vollbracht and volbracht respectively, which means “finished” but comes from “to bring (or: deliver) completely.”
The following is a contemporary stained glass window in the Catholic Church of the Resurrection in Bryanston, New Zealand:
Photo by Catholic Church of the Resurrection in Bryanston
The Window of the Saviour: Jesus said, “It is accomplished,” and bowing His head He gave up His spirit (John 19:30). This window with its powerful colours of sorrow and mourning yet glory and new life shows the Saviour at the moment of His supreme sacrifice of Himself for love of all humanity. (Source: Catholic Church of the Resurrection in Bryanston )
Stained glass is not just highly decorative, it’s a medium which has been used to express important religious messages for centuries. Literacy was not widespread in the medieval and Renaissance periods and the Church used stained glass and other artworks to teach the central beliefs of Christianity. In Gothic churches, the windows were filled with extensive narrative scenes in stained glass — like huge and colorful picture storybooks — in which worshipers could ‘read’ the stories of Christ and the saints and learn what was required for their religious salvation. (Source: Victoria and Albert Museum .