Language-specific Insights

Sovereign Lord

The Greek that is translated in English as “Sovereign Lord” is translated as

  • “you who are Chief, you own all of us, truly you are God” in Chichimeca-Jonaz
  • “Big Father, you are God” in Isthmus Mixe
  • “my Lord who is the greatest” in Lalana Chinantec
  • “our Lord, he who is greatest before us” in Ayutla Mixtec
  • “you, Lord God, who is very great” in Tepeuxila Cuicatec
  • “you, the Lord able to do all things” in Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac
  • “God our Father, you are our Boss, the biggest” Tataltepec Chatino (source for this and all above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)
  • “Lord, Owner of All Power” in Hausa (source: Hausa Common Language Bible Back Translation)
  • “Lord who is mightier than all” in Hiligaynon (source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)

our own native language

The Greek in Acts 2:8 that is translated as “our own native language” or similar in English is translated as “the language we know when we were children” in Eastern Highland Otomi, “as we talk from when we were born” in Morelos Nahuatl, “the Chinantec we have spoken since we were small” in Lalana Chinantec, and “language we began to understand when still a baby” in Chichimeca-Jonaz. (Source: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)

See also complete verse (Acts 2:8).

know everyone's heart

The Greek in Acts 1:24 that is translated in English as “(you) know everyone’s heart” or similar is translated in Enlhet as “(you) know everyone’s innermost.” “Innermost” or valhoc is a term that is frequently used in Enlhet to describe a large variety of emotions or states of mind (for other examples see here). (Source: Jacob Loewen in The Bible Translator 1969, p. 24ff. )

It is translated as “who knowest the hearts of all men you know what the hearts of all the people in the world are like” in Lalana Chinantec, as “you know the hearts of all” in Morelos Nahuatl, as “you know what is in our hearts” in Chuj, and as “you know all people’s hearts and minds” in Isthmus Mixe. (Source for this and above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)

gave up his spirit

The Greek in John 19:30 that is often translated as “he gave up his spirit” in English is translated in a variety of ways:

  • Huehuetla Tepehua: “And then he died”
  • Aguaruna: “His breath went out”
  • Navajo (Dinė): “He gave back his spirit”
  • North Alaskan Inupiatun: “He breathed his last”
  • Chol: “He caused his spirit to leave him”
  • Lalana Chinantec: “He sent away his life breath” (source for this and above: M. Larson / B. Moore in Notes on Translation February 1970, p. 1-125.)
  • Kankanaey: “He entrusted his spirit to God” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “He released his spirit” (lit. caused it to spring away) (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Uma: “His spirit/breath broke” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “His breath snapped” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Indonesian Common Language Translation: “His breath was cut off” (source: Daniel Arichea in The Bible Translator 1983, p. 209ff. )
  • Mandarin Chinese (Union Version): “He gave (or: delivered) his soul to God”
  • Cantonese: “He breathed his last (斷氣) and died” (source for this and one above: Zetzsche)
  • German translation by Fridolin Stier (1989) as “He handed over the spirit” (übergab den Geist).

after his suffering

The Greek in Acts 1:3 that is translated “after his suffering (or: “passion”)” in English is translated as “when they had finished mistreating Jesus then they killed him” in Lalana Chinantec. (Source for this and above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)

Receive the Holy Spirit

The Greek that is translated in English as “Receive the Holy Spirit” is translated as “The Good Spirit, let it be yours” in Aguaruna, “Now receive from me the Holy Spirit” in Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac, “May the Holy Spirit come upon you” in Navajo (Dinė), “Now you are accompanied by the Holy Spirit” in Tenango Otomi or “May the Holy Spirit enter into your hearts” in Lalana Chinantec. (Source: M. Larson / B. Moore in Notes on Translation February 1970, p. 1-125.)

In the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) it is Empfange Heiligen Geist or “Receive Holy Spirit,” i.e. without a definite article. (Only in John 20:22)

See also receive the gift of the Holy Spirit and when the Holy Spirit has come upon you.

speaking about the kingdom of God

The Greek in Acts 1:3 that is translated “speaking about the kingdom of God” in English is translated in the following ways:

  • “Jesus talked with them concerning the matter of God’s having authority over us” in Chicahuaxtla Triqui
  • “he spoke the word of how God is the boss of people’s hearts” in Lalana Chinantec
  • “he taught before them the great big power of God” in Kekchí
  • “Jesus said to them everything which is in God’s hand” in Chuj
  • “they were told by him how God rules Isthmus Mixe (source for this and above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)

See also kingdom (of God / heaven).