frost

The Hebrew is translated in English translations as manna (that) was “as delicate (thin) as frost.” In Dan they said it was as delicate as hail since they don’t have frost here. However, I cautioned them that hail is not very delicate. So I suggested that they say the manna was as delicate as ashes (bɥ̀ɵ̀). That has worked well in other languages here. The whole sentence in Dan reads: “Kǝ lɛ̀ lúɛ́ ɓɛ é go sɛaɛ, pǝ ɓlɵ́ téé ê bìɓòlɛ̀ kâ gbéèɛ̀ é kǝ̀ nɛɛ bɥ̀ɵ̀ lɵ́ɛ è kǝ̀ sɛa má.”

See also snow (color).

desert, wilderness

The Greek, Hebrew and Latin that is translated as “desert” or “wilderness” in English is translated in a number of ways:

  • Mairasi: “a place where noisiness is cut off (or: stops)” (source: Enggavoter 2004)
  • Muna: pandaso bhalano pr “big barren-field” (source: René van den Berg)
  • Balinese: “barren field” (source: J.L. Swellengrebel in The Bible Translator 1950, p. 75ff. )
  • Wantoat: “uninhabited place” (source: Holzhausen 1991, p. 38)
  • Umiray Dumaget Agta: “where no people dwell” (source: Larson 1998, p. 98)
  • Shipibo-Conibo: “where no house is” (source: James Lauriault in The Bible Translator 1951, p. 32ff. )
  • Ocotlán Zapotec: “large empty place” (source: B. Moore / G. Turner in Notes on Translation 1967, p. 1ff.)
  • Pa’o Karen: “jungle” (denoting a place without any towns, villages and tilled fields) (source: Gordon Luce in The Bible Translator 1950, p. 153f. )
  • Yakan: “the lonely place” (source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “a land where no people lived” (source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “the place with no inhabitants” (source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Matumbi uses various term: lubele (desert, sandy place without water) — used in John 11:54, lupu’ngu’ti (a place where no people live, can be a scrub land, a forest, or a savanna) — used in Mark 1:3 et al.), and mwitu (a forest, a place where wild animals live) — used in Mark 1:13 et al.) (Source: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific notes in Paratext)
  • Chichewa Contemporary translation (2002/2016): chipululu: a place uninhabited by people with thick forest and bush (source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)

Note that in Luke 15:4, usually a term is used that denotes pastoral land, such as “eating/grazing-place” in Tagbanwa (source: Tagbanwa Back Translation).

See also wilderness and desolate wilderness.

quails and manna and dew (image)

Click here to see the image in higher resolution.

Image taken from the Wiedmann Bible. For more information about the images and ways to adopt them, see here .

For other images of Willy Wiedmann paintings in TIPs, see here.

translations with a Hebraic voice (Exodus 16:13-15)

Some translations specifically reproduce the voice of the Hebrew text of the Old Testament / Hebrew Bible.

English:
Now it was at sunset
a horde-of-quail came up and covered the camp.
And at daybreak
there was a layer of dew around the camp;
and when the layer of dew went up,
here, upon the surface of the wilderness,
something fine,
scaly,
fine as hoar-frost upon the land.
When the Children of Israel saw it
they said each-man to his brother:
Mahn hu / what is it?
For they did not know what it was.
Moshe said to them:
It is the bread that Yhwh has given you for eating.

Source: Everett Fox 1995

German:
Am Abend wars,
das Wachtelvolk stieg auf und überhüllte das Lager.
Aber am Morgen
war eine Schicht Taus rings um das Lager,
und als die Tauschicht aufstieg,
da war auf der Fläche der Wüste
etwas Feines,
Schuppiges,
fein wie der Reif auf der Erde.
Die Söhne Jissraels sahens
und sprachen einer zum andern:
Man hu — was ist das?
Denn sie wußten nicht was es war.
Mosche sprach zu ihnen:
Das ist das Brot, das Er euch zum Essen gegeben hat.

Source: Buber / Rosenzweig 1976

French:
Et c’est au soir, la caille monte, elle couvre le camp,
et le matin, c’était une couche de rosée autour du camp.
La couche de rosée monte, et voici: sur les faces du désert,
une croûte fine, fine comme givre sur la terre.
Les Benéi Israël voient et disent, chaque homme à son frère:
« Mân hou ? Qu’est-ce ? » Non, ils ne savaient pas ce que c’était.
Moshè leur dit:
« C’est le pain que IHVH-Adonaï vous donne en nourriture. »

Source: Chouraqui 1985

For other verses or sections translated with a Hebraic voice, see here.

Translation commentary on Exod 16:14

And when the dew had gone up is literally “and the layer of dew went up,” but this simply means “when the dew evaporated” (Good News Translation), “dried up” (Translator’s Old Testament), or simply “had gone” (Contemporary English Version). There was on the face of the wilderness is somewhat literal, but the Hebrew also says more exactly “And behold upon the face of the wilderness.” Most translations omit “behold” here, but there is an element of surprise indicated. (See verse 10 for a similar surprise.) New Jewish Publication Society’s Tanakh has “there, over the surface of the wilderness.” This is a more poetic way of saying on the ground.

A fine, flake-like thing is describing something for which there was no name. (The name is finally given in verse 31.) Literally the Hebrew says “thin flaky.” The word for “flaky” is found only here, so the meaning is not certain. Jerusalem Bible has “powdery,” and New Jerusalem Bible has “granular.” Revised English Bible has “fine flakes” for the two words (similarly Contemporary English Version), and New Revised Standard Version has “a fine flaky substance.” Good News Translation has “something thin and flaky.” Translators should seek a term that describes a paper-thin substance of some kind.

Fine as hoarfrost uses the word “thin” again, with the usual word for “frost.” Frost is the condensed moisture, or dew, after it freezes and turns white in color. Good News Translation translates this description as “as delicate as frost.” In areas where “frost” is not known, it may be necessary to use a familiar expression like “as delicate as powder.” On the ground refers to the same thing as on the face of the wilderness.

An alternative translation model for this verse is:

• After the dew had gone [or, evaporated], the desert was covered with a thin flaky substance that looked like frost.

Quoted with permission from Osborn, Noel D. and Hatton, Howard A. A Handbook on Exodus. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1999. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .