gentiles / nations

The Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Latin that is often translated as “gentiles” (or “nations”) in English is often translated as a “local equivalent of ‘foreigners,'” such as “the people of other lands” (Guerrero Amuzgo), “people of other towns” (Tzeltal), “people of other languages” (San Miguel El Grande Mixtec), “strange peoples” (Navajo (Dinė) (this and above, see Bratcher / Nida), “outsiders” (Ekari), “people of foreign lands” (Kannada), “non-Jews” (North Alaskan Inupiatun), “people being-in-darkness” (a figurative expression for people lacking cultural or religious insight) (Toraja-Sa’dan) (source for this and three above Reiling / Swellengrebel), “from different places all people” (Martu Wangka) (source: Carl Gross).

Tzeltal translates it as “people in all different towns,” Chicahuaxtla Triqui as “the people who live all over the world,” Highland Totonac as “all the outsider people,” Sayula Popoluca as “(people) in every land” (source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.), Chichimeca-Jonaz as “foreign people who are not Jews,” Sierra de Juárez Zapotec as “people of other nations” (source of this and one above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.), Highland Totonac as “outsider people” (source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.), Uma as “people who are not the descendants of Israel” (source: Uma Back Translation), “other ethnic groups” (source: Newari Back Translation), and Yakan as “the other tribes” (source: Yakan Back Translation).

In Chichewa, it is translated with mitundu or “races.” (Source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)

See also nations.

Judah, Judea

The name that is transliterated as “Judah” or “Judea” in English (referring to the son of Jacob, the tribe, and the territory) is translated in Spanish Sign Language as “lion” (referring to Genesis 49:9 and Revelation 5:5). This sign for lion is reserved for regions and kingdoms. (Source: John Elwode in The Bible Translator 2008, p. 78ff. and Steve Parkhurst)


“Judah” and “Judea” in Spanish Sign Language, source: Sociedad Bíblica de España

For more information on translations of proper names with sign language see Sign Language Bible Translations Have Something to Say to Hearing Christians .

See also Judah, Judah (son of Jacob) , and Tribe of Judah .

complete verse (Jeremiah 43:5)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Jeremiah 43:5:

  • Kupsabiny: “Then Johanan and all the leaders of soldiers got up and went with all the people to Egypt those that were still in Judah and also those that had returned from the countries they had scattered to.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “Instead, Johanan and his fellow officials brought the people going to Egipto. These people were the-(ones) who have-returned to Juda from different nations where they have-scattered.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • English: “Johanan and all the other leaders gathered together all the people who had returned from the other countries to which they had been scattered.” (Source: Translation for Translators)

Translation commentary on Jeremiah 43:5

Johanan the son of Kareah: See verse 4.

Took: In this verb we have the beginning of the action, and the rest of it comes in verse 7, “they came into the land of Egypt.” Many translators will find this unnatural, and will say something like “took … away to Egypt” (Good News Translation).

The remnant: See 6.9. Two groups are referred to: (1) those Judeans who had returned to live in their homeland (verse 5), and (2) those who had been left there by the Babylonians under the care of Gedaliah (verse 6). For this reason, Good News Translation renders “everybody left in Judea … together with all the people who had returned from the nations….”

As earlier, had been driven is more often expressed as “had been scattered.” See 40.12.

Quoted with permission from Newman, Barclay M. and Stine, Philip C. A Handbook on Jeremiah. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 2003. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .