cardinal directions

The cardinal directions “east” and “west” are easy to translate into Maan here since the language uses “where the sun comes up” and “where the sun goes down.” For “north” the translator had “facing toward the sun rising to the left,” and for “south” she had “facing toward the sun rising to the right.” So the listener had to think hard before knowing what direction was in view when translating “to the north and south, to the east and west.” So, in case all four directions are mentioned, it was shortened by saying simply “all directions.” (Source: Don Slager) Likewise, Yakan has “from the four corners of the earth” (source: Yakan back-translation) or Western Bukidnon Manobo “from the four directions here on the earth” (source: Western Bukidnon Manobo back-translation).

Kankanaey is “from the coming-out and the going-away of the sun and the north and the south” (source: Kankanaey back-translation), Northern Emberá “from where the sun comes up, from where it falls, from the looking [left] hand, from the real [right] hand” (source: Charles Mortensen), Amele “from the direction of the sun going up, from the direction of the sun going down, from the north and from the south” (source: John Roberts), Ejamat “look up to see the side where the sun comes from, and the side where it sets, and look on your right side, and on your left” (source: David Frank in this blog post ).

In Lamba, only umutulesuŵa, “where the sun rises” and imbonsi, “where the sun sets” were available as cardinal directions that were not tied to the local area of language speakers (“north” is kumausi — “to the Aushi country” — and “south” kumalenje — “to the Lenje country”). So “north” and “south” were introduced as loanwords, nofu and saufu respectively. The whole phrase is kunofu nakusaufu nakumutulesuŵa nakumbonsi. (Source C. M. Doke in The Bible Translator 1958, p. 57ff. )

“West” is translated in Tzeltal as “where the sun pours-out” and in Kele as “down-river” (source: Reiling / Swellengrebel).

In Morelos Nahuatl, “north” is translated as “from above” and “south” as “from below.” (Source: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)

In Matumbi cardinal directions are defined as in relation to another place. “East” for instance typically is “toward the beach” since the coast is in the eastern direction in Matumbi-speaking areas. “North” and “south” can be defined as above or below another place. (Source: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific notes in Paratext)

The Hebrew text that gives instructions where to place items in the tabernacle with the help of cardinal directions (north and south) had to be approached in the Bambam translation specific to spacial concepts of that culture.

Phil Campbell explains: “There are no words in Bambam for north and south. In Exodus 26:35, God instructs that the table is to be placed on the north side and the lamp on the south side inside the tabernacle. The team wants to use right and left to tell where the lamp and table are located. In many languages we would say that the table is on the right and the lampstand is on the left based on the view of someone entering the tabernacle. However, that is not how Bambam people view it. They view the placement of things and rooms in a building according to the orientation of someone standing inside the building facing the front of the building. So that means the table is on the left side and the lampstand is on the right side.”

See also cardinal directions / left and right.

Judah, Judea

The name that is transliterated as “Judah” or “Judea” in English (referring to the son of Jacob, the tribe, and the territory) is translated in Spanish Sign Language as “lion” (referring to Genesis 49:9 and Revelation 5:5). This sign for lion is reserved for regions and kingdoms. (Source: John Elwode in The Bible Translator 2008, p. 78ff. and Steve Parkhurst)


“Judah” and “Judea” in Spanish Sign Language, source: Sociedad Bíblica de España

See also Judah, Judah (son of Jacob) , and Tribe of Judah .

Translation commentary on Ezekiel 48:1 - 48:7

God started speaking at verse 13 in chapter 47 and continues until the end of this chapter. Most translations indicate that he is still speaking here, either by beginning this subunit with quotation marks (so Revised Standard Version) or with a quote frame (so Contemporary English Version with “The LORD said”). Translators will need to decide how best to make this clear in their language.

These are the names of the tribes: This clause introduces the list of territory that God will give to the twelve tribes. Although he just mentions the names of the tribes, translators may find it useful to expand this phrase to make the meaning clear by rendering this clause as “Here is the list of the tribes of Israel and the territory each is to receive” (New Living Translation). The list begins with a summary of the northern border of the land, but beginning at the northern border is part of the list, not part of the summary of the border. It is best to attach this phrase to the previous clause by saying “This is the list of the territory each tribe of Israel will receive, starting from the north.”

From the sea by way of Hethlon to the entrance of Hamath, as far as Hazar-enon (which is on the northern border of Damascus over against Hamath): God described the northern border of the country in 47.15-17 (see the comments there). Here he summarizes what he said there, but some of the details are different. Revised Standard Version changes the Hebrew to read from the sea by way of Hethlon, so that it is exactly the same as 47.17 (so also Good News Translation, Moffatt). The Hebrew actually reads “beside the way of Hethlon” (New American Standard Bible, English Standard Version). A good rendering here is “Its boundary line follows the Hethlon road” (New Living Translation; similarly New International Version, New International Reader’s Version). Which is on the northern border of Damascus over against Hamath shortens the description in 47.17, which makes explicit that the border runs north of Damascus and south of Hamath. Here the meaning is the same, but God simply says that the border is over against Hamath, that is, “next to [the territory of] Hamath” (New International Version; compare Good News Translation “to the boundary between the kingdoms of Damascus and Hamath”). Translators may prefer to state the details here fully (as in 47.17) for the sake of clarity. A model that does this is “The boundary line will go east through the town of Hethlon to the Hamath Pass and go as far as the town of Hazar-enon, so that Damascus is to the south and Hamath is to the north.”

And extending from the east side to the west, Dan, one portion: The Hebrew here is literally, “and these will belong to him: the east side [and] the west [side], Dan, one [portion]” (similarly Hebrew Old Testament Text Project), but Revised Standard Version has captured the sense of the difficult Hebrew construction here (compare New Living Translation “Dan’s territory extends all the way across the land of Israel from east to west”). After describing the section of land in verse 1, God names which tribe it will belong to. The northernmost section of land will belong to the tribe of Dan. In verses 2-7 the sections of land are allocated to Asher, Naphtali, Manasseh, Ephraim, Reuben, and Judah respectively. These are seven of the twelve tribes of Israel; the other five are listed in verses 23-27. The tribes were named after the sons of Jacob, except that Levi’s clan did not receive land and Joseph’s clan was divided into two tribes, Manasseh and Ephraim (see the comments on 47.13). Each tribe will receive one share of land.

Adjoining the territory of means the land of the next tribe will “border” (New International Version, New International Reader’s Version) the territory of the previously mentioned tribe. The territory of each tribe will extend from the east side to the west, that is, right across the country. Some translations make explicit that a subsequent tribe’s territory is south of the previous one; for example, New Living Translation begins verse 2 with “Asher’s territory lies south of Dan’s,” and New Century Version has “South of Dan’s border, Asher will have one share.” God describes the allocation of the land to each tribe in exactly the same way.

Translators have different ways of listing the tribes. Good News Translation combines verses 1-7 and simply lists the names in order (compare Contemporary English Version for verses 1b-7, which says “The tribes will receive their share of land in the following order, from north to south: Dan, Asher, Naphtali, Manasseh, Ephraim, Reuben, and Judah”). Other translations do not combine verses 2-7, but bring the name of each tribe to the beginning of each of these verses; for example, New International Reader’s Version has “2 Dan will receive one share of land … 3 Asher will receive one share…” (similarly New International Version, Complete Jewish Bible). Still others go through the whole list in full, repeating all the material (so Revised Standard Version). Translators may choose whatever method of listing the allocation of land to the tribes is most natural in their own language. A model that combines verses 2b-7 is:

• The territory for each tribe will extend all the way across the country from east to west. South of Dan’s territory will be Asher’s, and then continuing south will be the territories of Naphtali, Manasseh, Ephraim, Reuben and Judah.

Quoted with permission from Gross, Carl & Stine, Philip C. A Handbook on Ezekiel. (UBS Helps for Translators). Miami: UBS, 2016. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .