gentiles / nations

The Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Latin that is often translated as “gentiles” (or “nations”) in English is often translated as a “local equivalent of ‘foreigners,'” such as “the people of other lands” (Guerrero Amuzgo), “people of other towns” (Tzeltal), “people of other languages” (San Miguel El Grande Mixtec), “strange peoples” (Navajo (Dinė)) (this and above, see Bratcher / Nida), “outsiders” (Ekari), “people of foreign lands” (Kannada), “non-Jews” (North Alaskan Inupiatun), “people being-in-darkness” (a figurative expression for people lacking cultural or religious insight) (Toraja-Sa’dan) (source for this and three above Reiling / Swellengrebel), “from different places all people” (Martu Wangka) (source: Carl Gross).

Tzeltal translates it as “people in all different towns,” Chicahuaxtla Triqui as “the people who live all over the world,” Highland Totonac as “all the outsider people,” Sayula Popoluca as “(people) in every land” (source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.), Chichimeca-Jonaz as “foreign people who are not Jews,” Sierra de Juárez Zapotec as “people of other nations” (source of this and one above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.), Highland Totonac as “outsider people” (source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.), Uma as “people who are not the descendants of Israel” (source: Uma Back Translation), “other ethnic groups” (source: Newari Back Translation), and Yakan as “the other tribes” (source: Yakan Back Translation).

In Chichewa, it is translated with mitundu or “races.” (Source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)

See also nations.

complete verse (Psalm 44:15)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Psalm 44:15:

  • Chichewa Contempary Chichewa translation, 2002/2016:
    “My shame is before me all day
    and my face is covered with shame” (Source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)
  • Newari:
    “Day after day I have to live in disgrace,
    shame has been covering my face.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon:
    “I am- always -put-to-shame.
    And I do-not-have a face anymore to face/go-face-to-face-(with-others),” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • Eastern Bru:
    “They no longer want to see us, and I am much ashamed,” (Source: Bru Back Translation)
  • Laarim:
    “Shame controls me all day,
    shame covers my face,” (Source: Laarim Back Translation)
  • Nyakyusa-Ngonde (back-translation into Swahili):
    “Nimeaibika usiku na mchana,
    nina aibu tele usoni,” (Source: Nyakyusa Back Translation)
  • English:
    “All day I feel disgraced;
    from seeing my face, people know that I am ashamed.” (Source: Translation for Translators)

Translation commentary on Psalm 44:15 - 44:16

In these verses the psalmist describes his own sense of disgrace and shame over his people’s pitiful condition. Shame has covered my face is rendered in some languages, for example, “they have taken away my praise” or “they have caused my face to burn.”

In verse 16a “from the voice of” (Revised Standard Version at the words of) refers to the enemies’ actual presence; it can be represented by something like “from being confronted by….”

In verse 16b Good News Translation has “my” and “me” as the object of the enemies’ hatred (also New English Bible, New International Version); the Hebrew text has no explicit object, however, and it could well be “our” and “us,” that is, the people of Israel, not the psalmist personally.

For enemy and avenger in verse 16b, see 8.2 and comments.

Quoted with permission from Bratcher, Robert G. and Reyburn, William D. A Handbook on the Book of Psalms. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1991. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .