hope

“Hope is sometimes one of the most difficult terms to translate in the entire Bible. It is not because people do not hope for things, but so often they speak of hoping as simply ‘waiting.’ In fact, even in Spanish, the word esperar means both ‘to wait’ and ‘to hope.’ However, in many instances the purely neutral term meaning ‘to wait’ may be modified in such a way that people will understand something more of its significance. For example, in Tepeuxila Cuicatec hope is called ‘wait-desire.’ Hope is thus a blend of two activities: waiting and desiring. This is substantially the type of expectancy of which hope consists.

In Yucateco the dependence of hope is described by the phrase ‘on what it hangs.’ ‘Our hope in God’ means that ‘we hang onto God.’ The object of hope is the support of one’s expectant waiting. In Ngäbere the phrase “resting the mind” is used. This “implies waiting and confidence, and what is a better definition of hope than ‘confident waiting’.” (Source for this and above: Nida 1952, p. 20, 133)

Other languages translate as follows:

  • Mairasi: “vision resting place” (source: Enggavoter 2004)
  • Enlhet: “waitings of (our) innermost” (“innermost” or valhoc is a term that is frequently used in Enlhet to describe a large variety of emotions or states of mind — for other examples see here) (source: Jacob Loewen in The Bible Translator 1969, p. 24ff. )
  • Kwang: “one’s future is restored to one’s soul like a fresh, cool breeze on a hot day.” (Source: Mark Vanderkooi right here )
  • Noongar: koort-kwidiny or “heart waiting” (source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang)
  • Anjam: “looking through the horizon” (source: Albert Hoffmann in his memoirs from 1948, quoted in Holzhausen / Riderer 2010, p. 7)
  • Ron: kintiɓwi or “put lip” (source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
  • Highland Totonac “wait with expectation” (to offset it from the every-day meaning of hope or wait — source: Hermann Aschmann in The Bible Translator 1950, p. 171ff. ).
  • Alekano: “wait not hearing two ears” (meaning to “wait without being double-minded” — source: Ellis Deibler in Notes on Translation June 1986, p. 36ff.)
  • Berom: “direct one’s liver toward”
  • Mixtepec Mixtec: “wait and remain strong on the inside”
  • Cerma: “swallow the spittle”
  • Adyghe: “the heart expects something good”
  • Keliko: “place one’s heart on the head”
  • Berik: “wait persistently and hold on to God”
  • Somrai: “hold the heart really tight” (source for this and six above: Wycliffe Germany )
  • Marathi: aasha (आशा) with a stronger emphasis on desire
  • Tamil: nampikkai (நம்பிக்கை) with a stronger emphasis on expectation (source for this and above: J.S.M. Hooper in The Bible Translator 1954, p. 2ff. )

In Mwera “hope” and “faith” are translated with the same word: ngulupai. (Source: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific translation notes in Paratext)

C.M. Doke looks at a number of Bantu languages and their respective translations of “hope” with slightly varying connotations (in The Bible Translator 1954, p. 9ff. ):

  • Xhosa and Zulu: themba “hope, expect,” also “have faith in, rely upon”
  • Tswana: tsholofelo “hope, expect, look for confidently”
  • Southern Sotho: tshepo “trust, rely on, believe in, have confidence in”
  • Kuanyama: eteelelo “waiting for”
  • Swahili: tumaini “confidence, trust, expectation, hope” (as a verb: “hope, trust, expect, be confident, be truthful, rely on”
  • Luganda: okusuubira “hope, trust, expect” also “look forward to, rely upon, anticipate, reckon”
  • Chichewa: chiyembekezo “wait for, wait, expect”
  • Koongo: vuvu “hope, expectancy, expectation, anticipation”
Syntyche D. Dahou (in Christianity Today, January 2021 or see here the same article in French ) reports on the two different terms that are being used in French (click or tap here to see the details):

“Unlike English, which uses the word hope broadly, the French language uses two words that derive from the word espérer (to hope): espoir and espérance. Both can first refer to something hoped for. In this sense, the word espoir usually refers to an uncertain object; that is, someone who hopes for something in this way does not have the certainty that it will happen (“I hope the weather will be nice tomorrow”). On the other hand, espérance describes what, rightly or wrongly, is hoped for or expected with certainty. It often refers to a philosophical or eschatological object (‘I hope in the goodness of human beings’; ‘I hope for the return of Jesus Christ’).

“When we speak of espoir or espérance, we then have in mind different types of objects hoped for. This difference matters, because both terms also commonly refer to the state of mind that characterizes the hopeful. And this state of mind will be different precisely according to the object hoped for.

“Having espoir for an uncertain yet better future in these difficult times may be a good thing, but it is not enough. Such hope can be disappointed and easily fade away when our wishes and expectations (our hopes) do not materialize.

“The opposite is true with espérance, which is deeper than our desire and wish for an end to a crisis or a future without pain and suffering. To face the trials of life, we need peace and joy in our hearts that come from expecting certain happiness. This is what espérance is: a profound and stable disposition resulting from faith in the coming of what we expect. In this sense, it is similar in meaning to the English word hopefulness.

“If we have believed in the Son of the living God, we have such a hope. It rests on the infallible promises of our God, who knows the plans he has for us, his children — plans of peace and not misfortune, to give us a hope and a future (Jeremiah 29:11). By using the two meanings of the word, we can say that the espérance that the fulfillment of his promises represents (the object hoped for) fills us with espérance (the state of mind).”

complete verse (Job 4:6)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Job 4:6:

  • Kupsabiny: “But I thought you trusted in God!
    What has made you not to trust that he will support/hold you up?” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
  • Newari: “Shouldn’t your devotion to God be your confidence,
    and your blameless life, your hope?"” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “Is it not so that if you (sing.) respect God and your (sing.) life is righteous, you (sing.) have trust and hope?” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • English: “You revere God; does that not cause you to trust in him?/that should cause you to trust in him.
    If you were guiltless, you would be confident that God would not have allowed these disasters to happen to you!” (Source: Translation for Translators)

Translation commentary on Job 4:6

This verse has two parallel lines which Revised Standard Version takes to be rhetorical questions expressing emphatic denial. Eliphaz appears to admit that Job’s faith in God and his personal integrity should give him confidence and hope that God will deal justly with him. Fear of God translates the Hebrew “your fear” and can mean here the same as religion or belief. “Fear of Yahweh” in Proverbs 1.7, 29; 2.5; 9.10 is the religious source and substance of wisdom. Moffatt renders this line “Let your religion reassure you,” and New English Bible “Is your religion no comfort to you?” Confidence and hope are the qualities which Job should have as the result of his religious life and integrity, as expressed in Good News Translation. Integrity is the noun form of the Hebrew word translated “blameless” in 1.1. Confidence is often rendered idiomatically; for example, “resting the heart on someone” or “putting the innermost on someone.” Hope refers here to possessing a hidden source of strength and purpose in the face of disaster. It is used with the same meaning in 5.16 “The poor have hope,” and in 14.7 “There is hope for a tree, if it is cut down, that it will sprout again.”

Although the two lines are parallel, there is little increase of poetic effect in the second line. Translators who are able to keep the poetic form of parallel lines will want to try to maintain the synonyms confidence and hope. Others may restructure the lines as two statements followed by a question, as in Biblia Dios Habla Hoy “You who are a faithful servant of God, a man of good conduct, how is it that you don’t have full confidence?” Good News Translation keeps all the elements of the parallelism but redistributes them so that “worshiped God” and “life was blameless” are the basis for the joint consequences of “confidence and hope.”

The Hebrew noun for hope is an important word in the Book of Job. It usually carries the meaning of the verb “to hope,” from which the noun is derived, and therefore it refers to the attitude of expecting or trusting that some good will occur. Sometimes it refers to that which is hoped for, or to the reason for hoping, as when Yahweh is called “the hope of Israel.” In the Book of Job much emphasis is given to hope that is left unfulfilled. The noun happens to sound like the Hebrew word for “thread,” and so in at least two places there seems to be a wordplay on these terms, as will be noted in the discussion.

Quoted with permission from Reyburn, Wiliam. A Handbook on Job. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1992. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .