21But if the priest examines it and the hair on it is not white nor is it deeper than the skin but has abated, the priest shall confine him seven days.
The Hebrew that is translated as “hair” in English (relating to body hair is translated in Kwere as upipi — a word indicating small hairs. In Makonde, there is also a differentiation between body and head hair with the former being the same than animal hair. (source for both: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
The Hebrew, Aramaic, Ge’ez, and Greek that are typically translated as “priest” in English (itself deriving from Latin “presbyter” — “elder”) is often translated with a consideration of existing religious traditions. (Click or tap for details)
Bratcher / Nida (1961) say this:
“However, rather than borrow local names for priests, some of which have unwanted connotations, a number of translations have employed descriptive phrases based on certain functions: (1) those describing a ceremonial activity: Pamona uses tadu, the priestess who recites the litanies in which she describes her journey to the upper or under-world to fetch life-spirit for sick people, animals or plants; Batak Toba uses the Arabic malim, ‘Muslim religious teacher;’ ‘one who presents man’s sacrifice to God’ (Bambara, Eastern Maninkakan), ‘one who presents sacrifices’ (Baoulé, Navajo (Dinė)), ‘one who takes the name of the sacrifice’ (Kpelle, and ‘to make a sacrifice go out’ (Hausa); (2) those describing an intermediary function: ‘one who speaks to God’ (Shipibo-Conibo) and ‘spokesman of the people before God’ (Tabasco Chontal).”
In Obolo it is translated as ogwu ngwugwa or “the one who offers sacrifice” (source: Enene Enene), in Mairasi as agam aevar nevwerai: “religious leader” (source: Enggavoter 2004), in Ignaciano as “blesser, one who does ritual as a practice” (using a generic term rather than the otherwise common Spanish loan word sacerdote) (source: Willis Ott in Notes on Translation 88/1982, p. 18ff.), and in Noongar as yakin-kooranyi or “holy worker” (source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang).
For Guhu-Samane, Ernest Richert (in The Bible Translator, 1965, p. 81ff. ) reports this: “The [local] cult of Poro used to be an all-encompassing religious system that essentially governed all areas of life. (…) For ‘priest’ the term ‘poro father’ would at first seem to be a natural choice. However, several priests of the old cult are still living. Although they no longer function primarily as priests of the old system they still have a substantial influence on the community, and there would be more than a chance that the unqualified term would (in some contexts particularly) be equated with the priest of the poro cult. We learned, then, that the poro fathers would sometimes be called ‘knife men’ in relation to their sacrificial work. The panel was pleased to apply this term to the Jewish priest, and the Christian community has adopted it fully. [Mark 1:44, for instance, now] reads: ‘You must definitely not tell any man of this. But you go show your body to the knife man and do what Moses said about a sacrifice concerning your being healed, and the cause (base of this) will be apparent.'”
For a revision of the 1968 version of the Bible in Khmer Joseph Hong (in: The Bible Translator 1996, 233ff. ) talks about a change in wording for this term:
Bau cha r (បូជាចារ្យ) — The use of this new construction meaning “priest” is maintained to translate the Greek word hiereus. The term “mean sang (មាន សង្ឃ)” used in the old version actually means a “Buddhist monk,” and is felt to be theologically misleading. The Khmer considers the Buddhist monk as a “paddy field of merits,” a reserve of merits to be shared with other people. So a Khmer reader would find unthinkable that the mean sang in the Bible killed animals, the gravest sin for a Buddhist; and what a scandal it would be to say that a mean sang was married, had children, and drank wine.
Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Leviticus 13:21:
Kupsabiny: “But if the priest has examined (it) and found that the hairs of the place have not changed to become white and the place is not warped downwards, but it has become purple/pink, the priest shall place the person aside for seven days.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
Newari: “But if, when the priest examines it, there are no fine body hairs in it that are white, or if it does not go more than skin deep, but [rather] the spot has disappeared, the priest must put him/her in isolation for seven days.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
Hiligaynon: “But if the priest sees that the skin did-not form-a-depression and its body-hairs also did-not become-white, and seems already healed/has-formed-skin-over, the priest will-separate him/will-set- him -apart from the (other) people for/[lit. inside of] seven days.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
English: “But when the priest examines it, if there is no white hair in that spot and it is only on the surface of the skin and has become less bright/shiny, then the priest will order him to stay away from other people for seven days.” (Source: Translation for Translators)
If the priest examines it: the wording of both Revised Standard Version and Good News Translation can give the impression that the priest may or may not do an examination, but that would be wrong. Therefore many modern versions make it clear that the conditional if refers to the findings of the priest and not to the examination itself. New English Bible and Jerusalem Bible have “But if the priest on examination finds that….” New Jerusalem Bible reorders the same words, “But if on examination the priest finds….” And New International Version has “But if, when the priest examines it, there is no white hair…” (compare verses 3 and 26).
The hair: this is the collective use of the singular hair, but it should be translated by a plural in those languages where this is more natural.
Dim: the word here comes from the same Hebrew root as found in verse 6, where it is translated in the same way in Revised Standard Version. Some versions use the word “faded” (New Jerusalem Bible, New English Bible, and others), while New American Bible has “is already dying out.” It seems to indicate that the condition does not appear too serious but should be watched for a time. For this reason the person is isolated for seven days.
Quoted with permission from Péter-Contesse, René and Ellington, John. A Handbook on Leviticus. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1990. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .
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