seraph

The Hebrew that is often translated as “seraphs” or “seraphim” in English is translated in Hiligaynon as “heavenly creatures.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)

See also cherub.

The Call of Isaiah

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altar

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The Greek, Latin, Ge’ez, and Hebrew that is translated as “altar” in English is translated in a number of ways:

  • Obolo: ntook or “raised structure for keeping utensils (esp. sacrifice)” (source: Enene Enene)
  • Muna: medha kaefoampe’a or “offering table” (source: René van den Berg)
  • Luchazi: muytula or “the place where one sets the burden down”/”the place where the life is laid down” (source: E. Pearson in The Bible Translator 1954, p. 160ff. )
  • Tzotzil: “where they place God’s gifts” (source: John Beekman in Notes on Translation, March 1965, p. 2ff.)
  • Tsafiki: “table for giving to God” (source: Bruce Moore in Notes on Translation 1/1992, p. 1ff.)
  • Noongar: karla-kooranyi or “sacred fire” (source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang)
  • Uma: “offering-burning table” (source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “place for sacrificing” (source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “burning-place” (source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Toposa: “fireplace” (source: Schröder 2026, p. 101)
  • Tibetan: mchod khri (མཆོད་​ཁྲི།) or “offering throne” (source: gSungrab website )
  • Bura-Pabir: “sacrifice mound” (source: Andy Warrren-Rothlin)
  • Kalanga: “fireplace of sacrifice” (source: project-specific notes in Paratext)
  • Cherokee: “fire nurturing place” (source: Bender / Belt 2025, p. 26) (note that the Jewish priest is “fire feeder” in Cherokee)
The Ignaciano translators decided to translate the difficult term in that language according to the focus of each New Testament passage in which the word appears (click or tap here to see the rest of this insight

Willis Ott (in Notes on Translation 88/1982, p. 18ff.) explains:

  • Matt. 5:23,24: “When you take your offering to God, and arriving, you remember…, do not offer your gift yet. First go to your brother…Then it is fitting to return and offer your offering to God.” (The focus is on improving relationships with people before attempting to improve a relationship with God, so the means of offering, the altar, is not focal.)
  • Matt. 23:18 (19,20): “You also teach erroneously: ‘If someone makes a promise, swearing by the offering-place/table, he is not guilty if he should break the promise. But if he swears by the gift that he put on the offering-place/table, he will be guilty if he breaks the promise.'”
  • Luke 1:11: “…to the right side of the table where they burn incense.”
  • Luke 11.51. “…the one they killed in front of the temple (or the temple enclosure).” (The focus is on location, with overtones on: “their crime was all the more heinous for killing him there”.)
  • Rom. 11:3: “Lord, they have killed all my fellow prophets that spoke for you. They do not want anyone to give offerings to you in worship.” (The focus is on the people’s rejection of religion, with God as the object of worship.)
  • 1Cor. 9:13 (10:18): “Remember that those that attend the temple have rights to eat the foods that people bring as offerings to God. They have rights to the meat that the people offer.” (The focus is on the right of priests to the offered food.)
  • Heb. 7:13: “This one of whom we are talking is from another clan. No one from that clan was ever a priest.” (The focus in on the legitimacy of this priest’s vocation.)
  • Jas. 2:21: “Remember our ancestor Abraham, when God tested him by asking him to give him his son by death. Abraham was to the point of stabbing/killing his son, thus proving his obedience.” (The focus is on the sacrifice as a demonstration of faith/obedience.)
  • Rev. 6:9 (8:3,5; 9:13; 14:18; 16:7): “I saw the souls of them that…They were under the table that holds God’s fire/coals.” (This keeps the concepts of: furniture, receptacle for keeping fire, and location near God.)
  • Rev. 11:1: “Go to the temple, Measure the building and the inside enclosure (the outside is contrasted in v. 2). Measure the burning place for offered animals. Then count the people who are worshiping there.” (This altar is probably the brazen altar in a temple on earth, since people are worshiping there and since outside this area conquerors are allowed to subjugate for a certain time.)

See also altar (Acts 17:23).


In the Hebraic English translation of Everett Fox it is translated as slaughter-site and likewise in the German translation by Buber / Rosenzweig as Schlachtstatt.

complete verse (Isaiah 6:6)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Isaiah 6:6:

  • Kupsabiny: “Then one of those seraphs flew and came down to me. (he) was holding with a tong charcoal which he had removed from the altar.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
  • Newari: “Then a seraph, took with tongs a burning charcoal from [lit.: of] the altar and came flying to me.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “Then one of the heavenly creatures flew toward me bringing a coal/ember which he had-picked-up from the altar.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • English: “Then one of the winged creatures took a hot coal from the altar, using a pair of tongs. He flew to me” (Source: Translation for Translators)

Translation commentary on Isaiah 6:6

Then flew one of the seraphim to me: For flew and seraphim, see the comments on Isa 6.2.

Having in his hand a burning coal which he had taken with tongs from the altar: A burning coal … from the altar refers to a piece of hot charcoal from the altar. Revised Standard Version‘s rendering for this last part of the verse suggests that the burning coal was actually in the seraph’s hand. However, the seraph picked it up with a pair of tongs from the altar and carried it with them. It may be necessary to restructure these clauses to clarify this. One simple solution is to use the verb “to carry” in place of the phrase in his hand, as Good News Translation has done. Bible en français courant solves it differently, omitting in his hand and placing with tongs at the beginning: “With tongs he held a burning coal that he had taken on the altar.”

Tongs or “a pair of tongs” (Good News Translation) may be difficult to render in the receptor language. It may be possible to make a new expression, for example, “fire fork” or “iron to pick up charcoal.” If no other solution is available, translators could render with tongs as “between two pieces of iron.”

The altar in this context most likely refers to the incense altar inside the Temple (Exo 30.1-10), not the sacrificial altar outside it (Exo 27.1-7). An altar is a table-like structure for offering gifts to God. If no specific term is available in the receptor language, translators may say “table of offerings” or “place of offerings.” They should avoid a term directly associated with traditional cults if it is clear that such a term is inconsistent in the context of the Old Testament.

For the translation of this verse we suggest:

• Then one of the seraphs flew toward me, carrying with a pair of tongs a live charcoal from the altar.

• Then one of the seraphs flew toward me. With a pair of tongs he carried a hot coal from the altar.

Quoted with permission from Ogden, Graham S. and Sterk, Jan. A Handbook on Isaiah. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 2011. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .