beget (was the father of)

The Greek that is translated as “beget” (or “begat” in the past tense) in older English versions and “was the father of” in more recent ones is translated into Latvian with dzemdināt: “make to give birth” (from dzemdēt “give birth”).

genealogy in Matthew 1

Genealogies play an important role among many of Indonesian language groups and it’s important to follow the right format to make them recognizable as such. Daniel Arichea explains (in The Bible Translator 1986. p. 232ff. ):

“In translating the genealogies, we need to pay attention to the standard form of genealogical lists in the language of translation. Among the Bataks, it was discovered after some research that the genealogies are recorded in the form of a list of ancestors. Furthermore, this list almost always starts from the ancestor and goes down to the descendants. This seems to be true also for many other Indonesian groups, although there are some variations. For the genealogies to have meaning among the Bataks and other groups of similar cultures, these genealogies must be in a form which is appropriate.

“In Matthew 1:2-16, the biblical form is strange to many Indonesians. (…) The second edition of the Common Language Indonesian New Testament (Alkitab dalam Bahasa Indonesia Masa Kini) discarded the biblical form and came out with a series of ancestral lists. (…) When this was tested, however, many Indonesians did not recognize these lists as genealogical lists, but saw them simply as a list of names. In the light of such reactions, the new edition which is included in the recently published common language Bible has printed these lists as genealogical lists moving downward from the ancestors to the descendants. Thus, verse 2 reads: “From Abraham until David, the names of the ancestors of Jesus are as follows” [which is then followed by a list].”

You can see this in the following screen capture (available right here ):



Similarly to that, Joanne Shetler (1992) describes the impact of the genealogy in the Balangao language of the Philippines:

“Then one day Ama [the co-translator and Christian leader] casually picked up an English New Testament from my shipping-crate desk. He opened it to the first page, Matthew 1, which is a list of names. He stood frozen, staring at it. Incredulous, he asked me, ‘You mean this has a genealogy in it?’

“I said, ‘Yeah, but just skip over that so you can get to the good part.’

“‘You mean this is true?’ he asked. Eyes riveted to the page, he struggled through the list of names.

“Something’s going on here! I got some shelf paper and made a genealogy from Adam to Jesus, from the ceiling clear down to the floor. Ama took it all over the village. He carefully explained, ‘We always thought it was the rock and the banana plant that gave birth to people. But we don’t have their names written down. Look, here are ALL the names—written down!’

“Balangaos had their own creation story, passed down from generation to generation through oral tradition. Ama told me their story:

“Long ago, when there were no people yet on the earth, the rock and the banana plant argued as to which of them would give birth to people and populate the earth. In the course of events, it was the frail banana plant from whom all the people of the earth descended. After producing fruit, the banana plant dies and new shoots spring up for succeeding generations. People have inherited all the frailty of the banana plant and are susceptible to all kinds of dangers and inevitably, death.

“Although their story accounted for man’s frailty, it didn’t have their ancestors’ names written down. A genealogy written was powerful. Balangaos loved that genealogy from the Gospel of Matthew. It proved the Bible was true: for the first time they had the actual names from the beginning of the world — written down.

In the Kölsch translation (Boch 2017), the genealogy is summarized: “From Abraham to David there were fourteen generations. There were another fourteen generations from David until the Jews were deported to Babylon and from Babylon to Jesus there were yet another fourteen generations. This shows that Joseph (Jupp), Mary’s husband, was a descendant of Abraham and David.” (Translation: Jost Zetzsche)

complete verse (Matthew 1:3)

Following are a number of back-translations of Matthew 1:3:

  • Uma: “Yehuda was the progenitor of Peres and Zerah (the names of their mother: Tamar), Peres was the progenitor of Hezron, Hezron was the progenitor of Ram,” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “As for Juda, his wife was Tamar and their children were Perez and Zerah. Perez was the father of Hezron, and Hezron, the father of Ram.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “Juda was the father of Perez and Zera, and Tamar was their mother. Perez was the father of Hezron who was the father of Ram.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “Juda married Tamar. They gave birth to Fares and Zara. Fares was the father of Esrom, and Esrom was the father of Aram.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “Judah was the father of Perez and Zerah. The mother of these two men was named Tamar. Perez was the father of Hezron. Hezron was the father of Ram.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)

Judah, Judea

The name that is transliterated as “Judah” or “Judea” in English (referring to the son of Jacob, the tribe, and the territory) is translated in Spanish Sign Language as “lion” (referring to Genesis 49:9 and Revelation 5:5). This sign for lion is reserved for regions and kingdoms. (Source: John Elwode in The Bible Translator 2008, p. 78ff. and Steve Parkhurst)


“Judah” and “Judea” in Spanish Sign Language, source: Sociedad Bíblica de España

For more information on translations of proper names with sign language see Sign Language Bible Translations Have Something to Say to Hearing Christians .

See also Judah, Judah (son of Jacob) , and Tribe of Judah .

Hezron (son of Perez)

The name that is transliterated as “Hezron” in English is translated in Libras (Brazilian Sign Language) with a sign that signifies “surrounded by a wall” (a possible meaning of the name) and combines it with two V’s, representing the fact that his father (Perez or Pharez) and uncle (Zerah) were twins (see Genesis 38:29 and following). (Source: Missão Kophós )


“Hezron” in Libras (source )

For more information on translations of proper names with sign language see Sign Language Bible Translations Have Something to Say to Hearing Christians .

Translation commentary on Matthew 1:3

The first clause is from 1 Chronicles 2.4 (“and Tamar his wife [Hebrew: daughter-in-law] gave birth to Perez and Zerah”).

Many languages have to make by Tamar a separate sentence: “Their mother was Tamar.”

In 1 Chronicles 2.9 Ram is mentioned as one of the sons of Hezron. For Ram the Septuagint has Aram (see the RSV footnote), but Ram is obviously the person who is meant, and many modern translations follow this spelling (Phillips, New English Bible, New American Bible, New Jerusalem Bible [New Jerusalem Bible], Translator’s New Testament, though others maintain the Septuagint spelling (Traduction œcuménique de la Bible, Zürcher Bibel, Barclay, Moffatt, An American Translation). The advantage of using Ram is that it avoids confusion with the several Arams mentioned in the Old Testament (see Gen 10.22, 23; 22.21; Num 23.7; 2 Sam 8.6; 15.8; 1 Chr 1.17; 2.23; 7.34; Hos 12.12; Zech 9.1), some of which are people and the others are places, but none of which are the person intended by Matthew. See the comments on names in 1.1.

Quoted with permission from Newman, Barclay M. and Stine, Philip C. A Handbook on the Gospel of Matthew. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1988. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

SIL Translator’s Notes on Matthew 1:3-4

1:3a

Perez and Zerah: Both Perez and Zerah are male names.

by Tamar: The phrase by Tamar indicates that Tamar was the mother of both Perez and Zerah.

Here are some other ways to translate this phrase:

whose mother was Tamar (New International Version)
-or-
(their mother was Tamar) (Good News Translation)
-or-
The mother of these two men was Tamar

Matthew mentioned mothers four times in this list of ancestors: 1:3a, 1:5a, 1:5b, 1:6b. All the rest of the names in this genealogy are names of the fathers or male ancestors.

1:3b

Ram: Most English versions spell this name Ram. A few versions (New Revised Standard Version and King James Version) spell it Aram. You should follow the spelling of the national language version, but spell it according to the rules of your language.

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