orphaned

In Afar the phrase in John 14:18 that is translated into English as “I will not leave you orphaned” is translated as abba akak rabe diidaale matakkaanay: “you will not become like bees whose father/leader has died.”

See also orphan.

formal pronoun: Jesus addressing his disciples and common people

Like many languages (but unlike Greek or Hebrew or English), Tuvan uses a formal vs. informal 2nd person pronoun (a familiar vs. a respectful “you”). Unlike other languages that have this feature, however, the translators of the Tuvan Bible have attempted to be very consistent in using the different forms of address in every case a 2nd person pronoun has to be used in the translation of the biblical text.

As Voinov shows in Pronominal Theology in Translating the Gospels (in: The Bible Translator 2002, p. 210ff. ), the choice to use either of the pronouns many times involved theological judgment. While the formal pronoun can signal personal distance or a social/power distance between the speaker and addressee, the informal pronoun can indicate familiarity or social/power equality between speaker and addressee.

Here, Jesus is addressing his disciples, individuals and/or crowds with the formal pronoun, showing respect.

In Nepali translations, Jesus addresses his disciples and other people with the medium honorific pronoun timīlē (तिमीले) or timīlēharū (तिमीलेहरू). His disciples respond with a high honorific pronoun. (Source: Chitra Chhetri in The Bible Translator 2009, p. 73ff. )

In most Dutch translations, Jesus addresses his disciples and common people with the informal pronoun, whereas they address him with the formal form.

See also formal 2nd person plural pronoun (Japanese).

complete verse (John 14:18)

Following are a number of back-translations of John 14:18:

  • Uma: “‘I will not leave you orphaned. [lit., leave you become orphans.] I will come back to you.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “Even if I leave, I do not leave you alone/abandon you. I will come again to you.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And I am not going away from you like you were orphans, because I am coming back for you.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “‘I will not leave you like orphans, because I will indeed also return.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “I won’t leave/desert you like orphans. I will indeed return here to you.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “I am not going to leave you along. I will return to be in fellowship with you.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)

Remain in My Love

The following is a 1931 stained glass window from the Church of St. Catherine of Siena in New York:

Source: Art in the Christian Tradition , a project of the Vanderbilt University Divinity Library, Nashville, TN. Original source: photograph taken by Father Lawrence Lew, O.P., available on Flickr

Stained glass is not just highly decorative, it’s a medium which has been used to express important religious messages for centuries. Literacy was not widespread in the medieval and Renaissance periods and the Church used stained glass and other artworks to teach the central beliefs of Christianity. In Gothic churches, the windows were filled with extensive narrative scenes in stained glass — like huge and colorful picture storybooks — in which worshipers could ‘read’ the stories of Christ and the saints and learn what was required for their religious salvation. (Source: Victoria and Albert Museum )

For a similar depiction of Jesus, see Jesus immediately reached out his hand and caught him.

1st person pronoun referring to God (Japanese)

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Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a first person singular and plural pronoun (“I” and “we” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. The most commonly used watashi/watakushi (私) is typically used when the speaker is humble and asking for help. In these verses, where God / Jesus is referring to himself, watashi is also used but instead of the kanji writing system (私) the syllabary hiragana (わたし) is used to distinguish God from others.

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

See also pronoun for “God”.

formal 2nd person plural pronoun (Japanese)

Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.

Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a formal plural suffix to the second person pronoun (“you” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. In these verses, anata-gata (あなたがた) is used, combining the second person pronoun anata and the plural suffix -gata to create a formal plural pronoun (“you” [plural] in English).

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

Translation commentary on John 14:18

Alone is literally “orphans” (Jerusalem Bible), but the more general meaning of “one left without anyone to care for him” is perhaps better in the context. The disciples of Socrates were said to have been left “orphans” at his death, and this term was also used in reference to disciples whose rabbi had died. Most translators choose a generic meaning, rather than the specific meaning of “orphan.” Phillips renders “alone in the world”; New English Bible “bereft”; Moffatt “forlorn”; Goodspeed “friendless.” One might also translate “helpless” or “without anyone to help you.”

I will come back to you (New English Bible “I am coming back to you”) is literally “I am coming to you.” In 14.3 the same verb is used, but with the addition of the adverb “again” (= back). The time reference may be either the resurrection appearances or Jesus’ return in the person of the Holy Spirit, and both find support from the context. John has quite likely intentionally chosen vague language, and the translator should, if possible, avoid making the time reference explicit. However, in some languages one is forced to indicate a specific temporal reference by the selection of the verb tense. Under such circumstances it is probably best to use a tense applicable to the resurrection, since this would at least be the first fulfillment of Jesus’ promise.

Quoted with permission from Newman, Barclay M. and Nida, Eugene A. A Handbook on the Gospel of John. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1980. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .