The Greek that is translated as “purse” in English is translated in Elhomwe as “money” since the concept of a purse is unknown. (Source: project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
sandal (illustration)
The Hebrew and Greek that is translated as “sandal” in English is illustrated for use in Bible translations in East Africa by Pioneer Bible Translators like this:
Image owned by PBT and Jonathan McDaniel and licensed with the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
See also untie sandals.
sandal / shoe
The Hebrew and Greek that is translated as “sandal” or “shoe” similar in English is translated in Noongar as djena-bwoka or “feet kangaroo skin” (source: Bardip Ruth-Ang 2020) and in Mairasi as “foot thing” (source: Enggavoter 2004).
Click or tap here to see a short video clip about sandals (source: Bible Lands 2012)
See also cloth.
complete verse (Luke 22:35)
Following are a number of back-translations of Luke 22:35:
- Noongar: “Then Jesus asked his disciples, ‘That day when I sent you out to go out, without a purse, without a bag and without shoes, did you need anything?’ ‘Not one thing,’ they said.” (Source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang)
- Uma: “After that Yesus spoke to them, he said: ‘When I ordered you yesterday [implies recent past time] to go carrying the Good News, I did not permit you to carry a money bag or food-bundle or shoes. Did you lack anything?'” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
- Yakan: “Isa said yet to them, ‘Formerly I told you who were going on a journey not to take a purse or a bag or shoes, did you have anything lacking?’ ‘Nothing,’ they said.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
- Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And then Jesus spoke to them, ‘When I sent you out long ago, telling you that you should not take any money, or change of clothing, or change of shoes — what did you lack there on your journey?’ And they answered, ‘We had no lack.'” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
- Kankanaey: “Then Jesus said to them, ‘When I sent you with you taking-along no money, backpack and change of sandals, did you lack anything?’ ‘No indeed,’ they answered.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
- Tagbanwa: “And then Jesus questioned his disciples, saying, ‘Well, that time when I sent you traveling, when I said, don’t take provisions of money, something-to-put-into for what is given to you, or a change of footwear, well, did you have a hard time?’ ‘Well, no,’ was their reply.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
formal pronoun: Jesus addressing his disciples and common people
Like many languages (but unlike Greek or Hebrew or English), Tuvan uses a formal vs. informal 2nd person pronoun (a familiar vs. a respectful “you”). Unlike other languages that have this feature, however, the translators of the Tuvan Bible have attempted to be very consistent in using the different forms of address in every case a 2nd person pronoun has to be used in the translation of the biblical text.
As Voinov shows in Pronominal Theology in Translating the Gospels (in: The Bible Translator 2002, p. 210ff. ), the choice to use either of the pronouns many times involved theological judgment. While the formal pronoun can signal personal distance or a social/power distance between the speaker and addressee, the informal pronoun can indicate familiarity or social/power equality between speaker and addressee.
Here, Jesus is addressing his disciples, individuals and/or crowds with the formal pronoun, showing respect.
In most Dutch translations, Jesus addresses his disciples and common people with the informal pronoun, whereas they address him with the formal form.
Scriptures Plain & Simple (Luke 22:31-38)
Barclay Newman, a translator on the teams for both the Good News Bible and the Contemporary English Version, translated passages of the New Testament into English and published them in 2014, “in a publication brief enough to be non-threatening, yet long enough to be taken seriously, and interesting enough to appeal to believers and un-believers alike.” The following is the translation of Luke 22:31-38:
Jesus said, “Peter, listen carefully!
Satan has demanded the right
to severely test each of you.
But I’ve prayed for your faith to be strong,
and when you’ve endured the testing,
then turn and help the others endure.”
Peter replied, “Lord, I’m willing to face prison
;or even death with you!”
“Before a rooster crows tomorrow morning,” said Jesus,
“you’ll say three times you don’t even know me.”
Then Jesus spoke to all his followers,
“When I sent you out on your first mission,
I told you not to take along a traveling bag
or extra clothes and sandals.
But now I tell you to take all these
and possibly even a sword,
because I’ll be treated like a criminal,
just as the Bible says.”
“We have two swords!” shouted his followers.
“Enough of this!” replied Jesus.
1st person pronoun referring to God (Japanese)
Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.
Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.
One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a first person singular and plural pronoun (“I” and “we” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. The most commonly used watashi/watakushi (私) is typically used when the speaker is humble and asking for help. In these verses, where God / Jesus is referring to himself, watashi is also used but instead of the kanji writing system (私) the syllabary hiragana (わたし) is used to distinguish God from others.
(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )
See also pronoun for “God”.
formal 2nd person plural pronoun (Japanese)
Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.
Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.
One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a formal plural suffix to the second person pronoun (“you” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. In these verses, anata-gata (あなたがた) is used, combining the second person pronoun anata and the plural suffix -gata to create a formal plural pronoun (“you” [plural] in English).
(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )
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