The Hebrew that is translated as “thumb” and “big toe” in English is translated in Newari as “the old-man digit of hand and foot” (source: Newari Back Translation).
guilt offering
The Hebrew that is typically translated as “guilt offering” in English is translated in Chol as “offerings for responsibility for sinning as well as for sinning itself.”
priest
The Hebrew, Aramaic, Ge’ez, and Greek that are typically translated as “priest” in English (itself deriving from Latin “presbyter” — “elder”) is often translated with a consideration of existing religious traditions. (Click or tap for details)
Bratcher / Nida (1961) say this:
“However, rather than borrow local names for priests, some of which have unwanted connotations, a number of translations have employed descriptive phrases based on certain functions: (1) those describing a ceremonial activity: Pamona uses tadu, the priestess who recites the litanies in which she describes her journey to the upper or under-world to fetch life-spirit for sick people, animals or plants; Batak Toba uses the Arabic malim, ‘Muslim religious teacher;’ ‘one who presents man’s sacrifice to God’ (Bambara, Eastern Maninkakan), ‘one who presents sacrifices’ (Baoulé, Navajo (Dinė)), ‘one who takes the name of the sacrifice’ (Kpelle, and ‘to make a sacrifice go out’ (Hausa); (2) those describing an intermediary function: ‘one who speaks to God’ (Shipibo-Conibo) and ‘spokesman of the people before God’ (Tabasco Chontal).”
In Obolo it is translated as ogwu ngwugwa or “the one who offers sacrifice” (source: Enene Enene), in Mairasi as agam aevar nevwerai: “religious leader” (source: Enggavoter 2004), in Ignaciano as “blesser, one who does ritual as a practice” (using a generic term rather than the otherwise common Spanish loan word sacerdote) (source: Willis Ott in Notes on Translation 88/1982, p. 18ff.), and in Noongar as yakin-kooranyi or “holy worker” (source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang).
For Guhu-Samane, Ernest Richert (in The Bible Translator, 1965, p. 81ff. ) reports this: “The [local] cult of Poro used to be an all-encompassing religious system that essentially governed all areas of life. (…) For ‘priest’ the term ‘poro father’ would at first seem to be a natural choice. However, several priests of the old cult are still living. Although they no longer function primarily as priests of the old system they still have a substantial influence on the community, and there would be more than a chance that the unqualified term would (in some contexts particularly) be equated with the priest of the poro cult. We learned, then, that the poro fathers would sometimes be called ‘knife men’ in relation to their sacrificial work. The panel was pleased to apply this term to the Jewish priest, and the Christian community has adopted it fully. [Mark 1:44, for instance, now] reads: ‘You must definitely not tell any man of this. But you go show your body to the knife man and do what Moses said about a sacrifice concerning your being healed, and the cause (base of this) will be apparent.'”
For a revision of the 1968 version of the Bible in Khmer Joseph Hong (in: The Bible Translator 1996, 233ff. ) talks about a change in wording for this term:
Bau cha r (បូជាចារ្យ) — The use of this new construction meaning “priest” is maintained to translate the Greek word hiereus. The term “mean sang (មាន សង្ឃ)” used in the old version actually means a “Buddhist monk,” and is felt to be theologically misleading. The Khmer considers the Buddhist monk as a “paddy field of merits,” a reserve of merits to be shared with other people. So a Khmer reader would find unthinkable that the mean sang in the Bible killed animals, the gravest sin for a Buddhist; and what a scandal it would be to say that a mean sang was married, had children, and drank wine.
See also idolatrous priests.
complete verse (Leviticus 14:14)
Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Leviticus 14:14:
- Kupsabiny: “The priest shall take the blood from the sacrifice that appeases sin and smear (it) on the right ear of the person who is being cleansed, and the rest he is to smear on the big finger of the right hand and the big finger (toe) on the right foot/leg.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
- Newari: “Then the priest, taking a little of the blood of the guilt offering, must apply [it] to the right earlobe, to the thumb of the right hand, and to the big toe of the right foot of the one being cleansed [lit.: of the patient].” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
- Hiligaynon: “Then the priest is-to-take the blood of the sheep and he is-to-wipe this at the bottom part of the right ear of the person and on the big-digit(s) of his right hand and foot/(thumb of his right hand and big-toe of his right foot).” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
- English: “The priest must take some of the blood of that animal and pour it on the lobe/tip of the right ear and on the thumb of the right hand and on the big toe of the right foot of the one who has been healed of the skin disease.” (Source: Translation for Translators)
Translation commentary on Leviticus 14:14
The subject, the priest, is given a second time in Revised Standard Version, following the Hebrew. But this will probably be unnecessary and distracting in many languages. In fact, even some Hebrew texts substitute the pronoun for the second occurrence (see HOTTP, pages 180-181). For the rest of this verse, compare 8.23-24.
The guilt offering: that is, “the lamb.”
Him who is to be cleansed: or some languages may require “of the person who is being cleansed,” since the process has already begun. And in some cases this may be left implicit and simply rendered “the person.” Compare verses 4, 7, and 8, where the same expression occurs. In view of the frequent repetition of the phrase in this passage, it may be left implicit in some languages.
His right hand … his right foot: the pronouns here still refer to the person being purified and not to the priest, as the Revised Standard Version rendering may possibly be misunderstood. The translation should make this clear to all readers.
Quoted with permission from Péter-Contesse, René and Ellington, John. A Handbook on Leviticus. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1990. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

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