love (by God)

Translator Lee Bramlett submitted this on the translation of the Greek word that is translated into English as “love” (referring to God’s love). This letter was then reposted by Wycliffe Bible Translators (see here ):

“Translator Lee Bramlett was confident that God had left His mark on the Hdi culture somewhere, but though he searched, he could not find it. Where was the footprint of God in the history or daily life of these Cameroonian people? What clue had He planted to let the Hdi know who He was and how He wanted to relate to them?

“Then one night in a dream, God prompted Lee to look again at the Hdi word for ‘love.’ Lee and his wife, Tammi, had learned that verbs in Hdi consistently end in one of three vowels. For almost every verb, they could find forms ending in i, a, and u. But when it came to the word for love, they could only find i and a. Why no u?

“Lee asked the Hdi translation committee, which included the most influential leaders in the community, ‘Could you ‘ɗvi’ your wife?’ ‘Yes,’ they said. That would mean that the wife had been loved but the love was gone.

“‘Could you ‘ɗva’ your wife?’ ‘Yes,’ they said. That kind of love depended on the wife’s actions. She would be loved as long as she remained faithful and cared for her husband well.

“‘Could you ‘ɗvu’ your wife?’ Everyone laughed. ‘Of course not! If you said that, you would have to keep loving your wife no matter what she did, even if she never got you water, never made you meals. Even if she committed adultery, you would be compelled to just keep on loving her. No, we would never say ‘ɗvu.’ It just doesn’t exist.’

“Lee sat quietly for a while, thinking about John 3:16, and then he asked, ‘Could God ‘ɗvu’ people?’

“There was complete silence for three or four minutes; then tears started to trickle down the weathered faces of these elderly men. Finally they responded. ‘Do you know what this would mean? This would mean that God kept loving us over and over, millennia after millennia, while all that time we rejected His great love. He is compelled to love us, even though we have sinned more than any people.’

“One simple vowel and the meaning was changed from ‘I love you based on what you do and who you are,’ to ‘I love you, based on Who I am. I love you because of Me and NOT because of you.’

“God had encoded the story of His unconditional love right into their language. For centuries, the little word was there — unused but available, grammatically correct and quite understandable. When the word was finally spoken, it called into question their entire belief system. If God was like that, did they need the spirits of the ancestors to intercede for them? Did they need sorcery to relate to the spirits? Many decided the answer was no, and the number of Christ-followers quickly grew from a few hundred to several thousand.

“The New Testament in Hdi is ready to be printed now, and 29,000 speakers will soon be able to feel the impact of passages like Ephesians 5:25: ‘Husbands, ‘ɗvu’ your wives, just as Christ ‘ɗvu’-d the church…'”

In Hawai’i Creole English the love that God has is often translated as love an aloha. Aloha has a variety of meanings, including “hello,” “goodbye,” “love,” “thank you,” etc.

The Philippine languages of Cebuano, Tagalog, and Pampanga use a word (gugma, pag-ibig, and lugud respectively) that is also used for a “noble, refined love of people for each other,” distinct from romantic love. (Source: G. Henry Waterman in The Bible Translator 1960, p. 24ff. )

In Mairasi, the term that is used for love by God, for God and for people is the same: “desire one’s face.” (source: Enggavoter 2004)

Joseph Hong (in The Bible Translator 1996, p. 233ff. ) explains the translation of this kind of love into Khmer: “Expressing the idea of God’s love has also caused some problems. Since the Khmer knows only about the Buddha as compassionate, the translation team was at a loss to find an adequate term to express God’s love for humankind which is so great that God even allowed himself to become a human being. A solution was found which says that God “relates himself” to (that is, “interacts with”) human beings, srolanh (ស្រលាញ់).”

See also love (Jesus for young, rich man), God is love, Honorary “are” construct denoting God (“love”), and this devotion on YouVersion .

formal pronoun: Jesus addressing his disciples and common people

Like many languages (but unlike Greek or Hebrew or English), Tuvan uses a formal vs. informal 2nd person pronoun (a familiar vs. a respectful “you”). Unlike other languages that have this feature, however, the translators of the Tuvan Bible have attempted to be very consistent in using the different forms of address in every case a 2nd person pronoun has to be used in the translation of the biblical text.

As Voinov shows in Pronominal Theology in Translating the Gospels (in: The Bible Translator 2002, p. 210ff. ), the choice to use either of the pronouns many times involved theological judgment. While the formal pronoun can signal personal distance or a social/power distance between the speaker and addressee, the informal pronoun can indicate familiarity or social/power equality between speaker and addressee.

Here, Jesus is addressing his disciples, individuals and/or crowds with the formal pronoun, showing respect.

In Nepali translations, Jesus addresses his disciples and other people with the medium honorific pronoun timīlē (तिमीले) or timīlēharū (तिमीलेहरू). His disciples respond with a high honorific pronoun. (Source: Chitra Chhetri in The Bible Translator 2009, p. 73ff. )

In most Dutch translations, Jesus addresses his disciples and common people with the informal pronoun, whereas they address him with the formal form.

See also formal 2nd person plural pronoun (Japanese).

complete verse (John 15:12)

Following are a number of back-translations of John 15:12:

  • Uma: “‘This is my command: Love one another, like I also love you.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “This is what I command you, you shall love each other as I love you.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “This is my command to you, that it is necessary that each one of you is big in the breath of any of you just like you are big here in my breath.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “‘This also is what I command you that you love-one-another just like my manner-of-loving you.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “For this is what I am commanding, value one another, just like my valuing of you.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “This word is what I order you – that you love each other like I love you.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)
  • Mairasi: “This is what I command you guys: desire each other’s faces [love each other] in the same way in which I myself desire your faces.” (Source: Enggavoter 2004)

1st person pronoun referring to God (Japanese)

Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.

Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a first person singular and plural pronoun (“I” and “we” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. The most commonly used watashi/watakushi (私) is typically used when the speaker is humble and asking for help. In these verses, where God / Jesus is referring to himself, watashi is also used but instead of the kanji writing system (私) the syllabary hiragana (わたし) is used to distinguish God from others.

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

See also pronoun for “God”.

formal 2nd person plural pronoun (Japanese)

Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.

Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a formal plural suffix to the second person pronoun (“you” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. In these verses, anata-gata (あなたがた) is used, combining the second person pronoun anata and the plural suffix -gata to create a formal plural pronoun (“you” [plural] in English).

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

Translation commentary on John 15:12

My commandment is this is literally “this is my commandment that….” The structure is similar to that discussed in verse 8; here “that” of the Greek text is used to introduce the content of the commandment. In some languages such a statement as My commandment is this normally occurs after the content of the command, rather than before it, for example, “love one another just as I love you. This is what I command you.” However, in some languages one may render “I command you the following words: love one another just as I love you.”

Love one another is in the present imperative, focusing on the need for a continuous love.

Just as I love you is more literally “just as I loved you.” Here again the problem of tense sequences arises. This verb may be understood from the time perspective of the author of the Gospel, with specific reference to Jesus’ act of love on the cross. However, it is better to take it in a timeless sense, as Good News Translation does.

Quoted with permission from Newman, Barclay M. and Nida, Eugene A. A Handbook on the Gospel of John. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1980. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

SIL Translator’s Notes on John 15:12

15:12a–b

This is My commandment, that you love one another as I have loved you: Jesus told his disciples how they should behave as his followers. They should love each other in the way that he had loved them. Their love should be intense, real, and unselfish. In some languages it may be natural to translate the commandment as a direct quotation. For example:

I am commanding you this: Love each other as I have loved you.
-or-
This is my commandment: Love each other in the same way I have loved you. (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
My commandment is this: love one another, just as I love you. (Good News Translation)

15:12a

This is My commandment: This clause means “what I am telling you to do is…” For example:

My command is this… (New International Version)
-or-
Now I tell you to… (Contemporary English Version)

This: This pronoun refers to the following clause, “love one another as I have loved you.”

15:12b

love one another as I have loved you: This is a comparison similar to the one in 15:9a–b. See how you translated that comparison. See also how you translated a similar idea in 13:34. Christ told his followers to love each other in the same way, or with the same love, that he loved them. Jesus loved his disciples so much that he was willing to die for them. He wanted his disciples to love each other in that way too. As in 15:9, you may translate the action of loving as either a verb or a noun. For example:

love one another in the same way I have loved you (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
Show the same ⌊great⌋ love to one another that I have shown to you.

love one another: The phrase one another refers to other believers. Each of Christ’s followers is to care for other followers and to seek their welfare. They should do this as a habit, not just one time.

as I have loved you: The connector as means “in the same way that.” Christ wanted his followers to display the same great, unselfish love to one another that he had shown them. They should be willing to sacrifice their lives for other believers. Because Christ loved them completely, they should love one another completely.

General Comment on 15:12b

In some languages it may be natural to rearrange these clauses, with Christ’s model of love at the beginning. For example:

I have loved you (plur.)deeply/greatly⌋ , and now you must love each other that much.

General Comment on 15:12a–b

In some languages it may be natural to rearrange 15:12a–b, translating the content of the commandment first. For example:

12b Love each other as I have loved you. 12a This is what I’m commanding you to do. (God’s Word)

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