devour

The Greek that is translated as “devour” or similar in English is translated in Elhomwe as “chew,” the term that is used for “eating meat.” (Source: project-specific translation notes in Paratext)

See also eat (meat).

naked

The Greek, Latin and Hebrew that is translated as “naked” in English is translated in Enlhet with a figure of speech: “(one’s) smoothness.” (Source: Jacob Loewen in The Bible Translator 1969, p. 24ff. )

In Elhomwe the word for “naked” is “shameful to use, and would never be used by a preacher in church.” Therefore “without clothes” is used. (Source: project-specific translation notes in Paratext)

prostitute

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The Greek, Latin, and Hebrew that is typically translated as “prostitute” in English (in some, mostly earlier translation also as “harlot” or “whore”) is translated in the 2024 revision of the inter-confessional Latvian Jauna Pārstrādāta latviešu Bībele as netikle or “hussy.” This replaced the previous translation mauka or “whore.” Nikita Andrejevs, editor of the Bible explains the previous and current translations: “The translators at the time felt that this strong word best described the thought contained in the main text. Many had objections, as it seemed that this word would not be the most appropriate for public reading in church.” (Source: Updated Bible published in Latvia ).

Other translations include:

  • Bariai: “a woman of the road” (source: Bariai Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “a woman who sells her body” (source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • Uma: “a woman whose behavior is not appropriate” or “a loose woman” (source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “a bad woman” (source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “a woman who make money through their reputation” (source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “a woman who makes money with her body” (source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “a woman whose womanhood is repeatedly-bought” (source: Kankanaey Back Translation)

See also Translation commentary on Genesis 34:31, Rahab, and prostitute oneself / play the prostitute.

Learn more on Bible Odyssey: Prostitution in the Bible .

complete verse (Revelation 17:16)

Following are a number of back-translations of Revelation 17:16:

  • Uma: “The time will come when the animal with the ten kings that are with him will hate the sexually loose woman who is sitting on him. They will attack her, make her naked, they will eat part of her flesh, and the rest they will burn.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “And the ten horns that you saw, the meaning is the ten kings; they and the creature hate that bad woman. They will get/take all her wealth and strip her. They will eat including her flesh and burn her.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And those ten horns which you saw, which is to say, ten kings, and that beast, they will turn against the prostitute. They will seize her possessions and strip her naked and eat her flesh and burn her up.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “There is a day that will arrive when the fearsome animal and the ten horns will hate that-aforementioned woman. They will take all her possessions and strip-her -naked. They will also eat her flesh/muscle, and afterwards they will burn what remains.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “Those ten horns which you also saw and that monster, they will hate that woman who uses her body to make money. They will snatch-for-themselves all her possessions. They will leave her naked. And then they will devour her, and what is left they will burn.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “Those ten horns you saw on the terrible animal, they will hate the woman, the prostitute. They will make her suffer leaving her naked. They will eat her flesh. What is left from that they will burn.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)

Translation commentary on Revelation 17:16

The ten horns … and the beast will hate: for some reason the beast and the ten kings who are his allies (verse 13) will turn against the infamous prostitute and attack her. For hate see 2.6.

They will make her desolate and naked: this is better translated “they will take away all her belongings, and will strip her naked” or “They will take … and take off all her clothes so that she is naked.” If the language level allows it, the appropriate verb for make … desolate is “to despoil,” “to plunder.”

Devour her flesh and burn her up with fire: it must be noted that the first and the last of the four actions (make … desolate and burn) apply more naturally to the city (Babylon); the other two actions (make her … naked, and devour her flesh) apply to the prostitute herself. In the translation the plain meaning of all four actions should be clearly represented. For devour her flesh the translation can say “will devour her” (see the figure in Psa 27.2, RSV footnote; Jer 10.25; Micah 3.3). The figure is that of a wild animal that eats its victim as soon as it kills it. The statement will … burn her up with fire means to consume her body with fire. The same verb “to burn up” appears also in 18.8. This phrase may also be expressed as “they will take fire and burn her up (or, destroy her)” or “they will set her on fire….”

Quoted with permission from Bratcher, Robert G. and Hatton, Howard A. A Handbook on The Revelation to John. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1993. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .