world (Chinese)

The Hebrew and Greek that is translated as “world” in English is translated in Mandarin Chinese with shìjiè (世界). While shìjiè is now the commonly used term for “world” in Chinese, it was popularized as such by Chinese Bible translations. (Source: Mak 2017, p. 241ff.)

See also world.

Cephas

The Greek that is transliterated “Cephas” in English — and is an alternative name for Peter — is transliterated in Mandarin Chinese Protestant translations as jīfǎ (traditional Chinese: 磯法, simplified Chinese: 矶法). The first character (磯 / 矶) is not only chosen because of its sound but also because of its meaning: “rock,” corresponding to the meaning of the Aramaic kēp̄ā (כֵּיפָא), to which the Greek Kēphâs (Κηφᾶς) refers and also alluding to Jesus’ proclamation in Matthew 16:18 (see Peter – rock).

Note that Catholic Chinese versions don’t follow the English pronunciation of “Cephas” with its opening [s] sound. They use kēfǎ (刻法) transliterating the [k] sound from the Aramaic and Greek. Kēfǎ does not carry the additional meaning of “rock.” (Source: Jost Zetzsche)

In the Neo-Aramaic language of Assyrian the terms used for both “Peter” (English transliteration of the Greek “πετρος”) and “Cephas” are identical (كِيپَا, pronounced kēpā). (Source: Ken Bunge)

The passage in John 1:42 (“You are to be called Cephas (which is translated Peter)” in English) is solved by various translations like this: “‘I am going to name you Cephas.’ Cephas means ‘Peter.’ Both mean ‘rock.'” (Ojitlán Chinantec), “I am naming you Cephas. ‘Cephas’ in the Jews’ language, ‘Peter’ in the Greek language, the meaning being ‘stone’.” (Alekano), “You will become known as Cephas,’ he said, which in our language means ‘rock.'” (Chol), or “You will be called Cephas and also Peter.” Tenango Otomi. (Source: M. Larson / B. Moore in Notes on Translation February 1970, p. 1-125.)

See also Peter – rock.

Paul

The term that is transliterated as “Paul” in English means “little.” (Source: Cornwall / Smith 1997 )

In American Sign Language it is translated with a sign that signifies the many letters he wrote. (Source: Ruth Anna Spooner, Ron Lawer)


“Paul” in American Sign Language, source: Deaf Harbor

In Spanish Sign Language it is translated with a sign depicting putting away a sword, referring to his conversion from a persecutor of Christians to a Christian leader. (Source: Steve Parkhurst)


“Paul (and Saul)” in Spanish Sign Language, source: Sociedad Bíblica de España

In Hungarian Sign Language it is translated with a sign that is based on contemporary depictions and refers to the presumed baldness of the top of his head. The description originates from the 2nd-century apocryphal text titled Acts of Paul and Thecla , which represents the earliest and most detailed physical characterization of the apostle in Christian tradition (see also the icon below). (Source: Jenjelvi Biblia and HSL Bible Translation Group)


“Paul” in Hungarian Sign Language — note that only the first part refers to “Paul,” the second part refers to “apostle” (source )

For more information on translations of proper names with sign language see Sign Language Bible Translations Have Something to Say to Hearing Christians .

Following is a Georgian Orthodox icon of Paul the Apostle from the 14th century (located in the Art Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi).

Orthodox Icons are not drawings or creations of imagination. They are in fact writings of things not of this world. Icons can represent our Lord Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the Saints. They can also represent the Holy Trinity, Angels, the Heavenly hosts, and even events. Orthodox icons, unlike Western pictures, change the perspective and form of the image so that it is not naturalistic. This is done so that we can look beyond appearances of the world, and instead look to the spiritual truth of the holy person or event. (Source )

Down below you’ll see an ivory carving that is located in the Musée national du Moyen-âge in Paris from the Byzantine empire of the 6th or early 7th century:

Source: Wikimedia

The following is a contemporary stained glass window from the Messiah Episcopal Church in St. Paul, Minnesota by Peter Dohmen. Individual glass pieces were made in Germany in accordance with Dohmen’s design, using a technique first developed by Irish monks in the 9th and 10th centuries.

Source for the image and description below: The Stained Glass Windows of Messiah Episcopal Church

“This window is dedicated to St. Paul, the great apostle and missionary, for whom our city is named. At the top of the window is a ship which symbolizes the many missionary journeys of Paul — the Church is our ship, which carries us over the way of life. In the lower section we see Paul on the road to Damascus when he saw a great light and heard our Lord’s voice, which called him to discipleship.”

Stained glass is not just highly decorative, it’s a medium which has been used to express important religious messages for centuries. Literacy was not widespread in the medieval and Renaissance periods and the Church used stained glass and other artworks to teach the central beliefs of Christianity. In Gothic churches, the windows were filled with extensive narrative scenes in stained glass — like huge and colorful picture storybooks — in which worshipers could ‘read’ the stories of Christ and the saints and learn what was required for their religious salvation. (Source: Victoria and Albert Museum )

Click or tap here to see a short video clip about Paul (source: Bible Lands 2012)

Learn more on Bible Odyssey: Paul .

complete verse (1 Corinthians 3:22)

Following are a number of back-translations of 1 Corinthians 3:22:

  • Uma: “Apolos, Petrus, me, God has given all to you to help you. He has given you new life, he has released you from death. All that is in this world, all that happens at this time, all that will happen in the future, he has arranged to give you goodness [salvation]. All this is your portion, relatives.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “I and Apollos and Petros also we (excl.) have been made by God to be your servants for your good. And even this world and all that will happen in the future and that happens now, and even life and death, all this has been given by God for your good.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “As for us, Paul and Apollos and Peter also, God has made us to be your servants so that you might be better off. Even the whole world and those things which will take place in the future, and those things which are taking place now, and even your life and your death, God has given all of these things so that you might be better off.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “Apollos and Pedro and I belong to you, because God has called/invited us (excl.) to serve you. Even this world and your living and your dying and even also the day today (i.e. present day) and the future days, God has given all to you.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “For example, as for teachers, like myself, Apolos, and Pedro, God has given (them) to you for the benefit of you all. The same with all things. This world, life, death, things now and in the future, they really are all for your benefit.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “I, Paul, with Apollos, with also Peter, we live to help you. And now there is our life, there is death, and what we see in the days we are living in now, and also that which we see in the coming days, all that we see exists in order to do good for you.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)

formal 2nd person plural pronoun (Japanese)

Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.

Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a formal plural suffix to the second person pronoun (“you” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. In these verses, anata-gata (あなたがた) is used, combining the second person pronoun anata and the plural suffix -gata to create a formal plural pronoun (“you” [plural] in English).

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

Translation commentary on 1 Corinthians 3:22

Translators should notice before going any farther that there will be a second turn in Paul’s thought in verse 23:

not “I belong to Paul…”
but “everything belongs to you”
nevertheless “you belong to Christ….”

Revised English Bible solves this problem by making verse 22 a parenthesis, the end of which is marked by the repetition of “everything is yours.”

Good News Bible‘s translation reflects a more natural English way of grouping the series of nouns in the Greek, which are connected by a word that is literally “or” or “and” (Good News Bible). The semicolon in Good News Bible puts these nouns into two groups. Translators need to decide how their languages would naturally show these two main groups.

Most modern translations use “Peter” (Good News Bible) instead of Cephas for the sake of consistency and to keep the reader from becoming confused. The original readers would have known that Cephas was the same person as Peter, but most modern readers are unaware of this fact.

Note that the world here has a good or at least neutral sense, not a bad sense as in verse 19.

There is no difference between “all things are yours” in verse 21 and all are yours in this verse. In some languages it may be more effective to repeat the same expression.

Quoted with permission from Ellingworth, Paul and Hatton, Howard A. A Handbook on Paul’s First Letter to the Corinthians, 2nd edition. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1985/1994. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Corinthians 3:22

3:22a whether Paul or Apollos or Cephas

including ⌊I⌋ Paul and Apollos and Peter.
-or-
Apollos and Peter and I belong to you.
-or-

God⌋ has given/sent you ⌊teachers/leaders like⌋ me and Apollos and Cephas/Peter.

3:22b or the world

It/This includes the whole world,
-or-
The world belongs to you.

3:22c or life or death

life and death,
-or-
Life belongs to you. Death belongs to you.

3:22d or the present or the future.

whatever happens during this present time and whatever happens in the future time.
-or-
The things that are happening now belong to you. The things that will happen in the future belong to you.

3:22e All of them belong to you,

All these belong to you.
-or-
All those people and all those things are for your sake.
-or-
God causes all those things to serve/help you.

© 1998, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023 by SIL International®
Made available under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License (CC BY-SA) creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.
All Scripture quotations in this publication, unless otherwise indicated, are from The Holy Bible, Berean Standard Bible.
BSB is produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee.