The Greek and Hebrew that is translated as “brother” in English is translated in Kwere as sekulu, in Elhomwe as mbalaawo´, and in Mandarin Chinese as gēgē (哥哥), all “older brother.”
Note that Kwere also uses lumbu — “older sibling” in some cases. (Source for Kwere and Elhomwe: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific translation notes in Paratext; Chinese: Jost Zetzsche)
In Lama it is translated as “older or younger brother.” (Source: Neal Brinneman)
The Greek and Hebrew that is translated as “son of” in English is translated in all Icelandic Bible versions of the Icelandic Bible Society (latest edition 2007) in parallel with the Icelandic naming system . This means that for instance in Matthew 16:17 the name that is transliterated and translated in English as “Simon son of Jonah” becomes “Simon Jónasson” or in Isaiah 8:2 “Zechariah son of Jeberechiah” becomes “Sakaría Jeberekíason” where in both cases the “-son” means “son of.”
In cases where “son of” does not refer to a literal father or perhaps stepfather but to lineage, however, this system is not used. So in Matthew 1:1 “Jesus the Messiah, the son of David, the son of Abraham” is translated as “Jesú Krists, sonar Davíðs, sonar Abrahams.”
The referenced verses all have at least one instance where the Icelandic patronymic or matronymic naming system is used. (Source: Halldór Elías Guðmundsson)
The name that is transliterated as “Judah” or “Judea” in English (referring to the son of Jacob, the tribe, and the territory) is translated in Spanish Sign Language as “lion” (referring to Genesis 49:9 and Revelation 5:5). This sign for lion is reserved for regions and kingdoms. (Source: John Elwode in The Bible Translator 2008, p. 78ff. and Steve Parkhurst)
Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of 1 Chronicles 27:18:
Kupsabiny: “Elihu who was a brother to David was leading the clan of Judah, Omri son of Michael was leading the clan of Issachar.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
Newari: “[For] the tribe of Judah — David’s younger brother, named Elihu, [For] the tribe of Issachar — Omri son of Michael,” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
Hiligaynon: “For the tribe of Juda: Elihu the sibling of David. For the tribe of Issachar: Omri the child of Micael.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
English: “Elihu, David’s older brother, was the administrator of the tribe of Judah. Omri, the son of Michael, was the administrator of the tribe of Issachar.” (Source: Translation for Translators)
27:18 over Judah was Elihu, one of David’s brothers; over Issachar was Omri son of Michael;
⌊The leader⌋ of the tribe of Judah was David’s brother Elihu. ⌊The leader⌋ of the tribe of Issachar was Michael’s son Omri. -or-
Elihu was ⌊the chief of the clan⌋ of Judah. Elihu was the brother of ⌊King⌋ David. Omri was ⌊the chief of the clan⌋ of Issachar. Omri’s father was Michael.
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