Language-specific Insights

complete verse (Romans 13:1)

Following are a number of back-translations of Romans 13:1:

  • Uma: “Every one of us must submit to government [lit., the governing-one(s)] that is over us. For the government doesn’t just happen to exist/be [lit., there is no government dry] if it doesn’t get its power from God. And the government that is, is determined [made-certain] by God.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “All of us (incl.) human-beings, we (incl.) ought to/should obey the people who have authority to rule in our (incl.) land/place because no one is given authority if it is not from the will of God. And the ones who have authority to rule, God is the one who places them (lit. cause-to-sit).” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “It is necessary that any one of us (incl.) submit ourselves to the rule of the government. For no one rules over the town if he is not permitted by God, and there is no government that God has not set up.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “All people, they must submit to (lit. cause-themselves-to-be-ruled-by) those who have authority in the government, because no one has-authority to rule if God does not permit it, and all who rule, God is the one who set-them-up.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “Every person must obey the authorities. Because concerning all the authorities, God determined that there be their positions. There is not that the authority determines on his own that he has his position.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)
  • Huehuetla Tepehua: “It is necessary that all men obey chiefs. God has placed all chiefs and God had chosen all chiefs.” b(Source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.)

complete verse (Luke 13:25)

Following are a number of back-translations of Luke 13:25:

  • Noongar: “The master of the house will rise and shut the door. Then when you stand outside and start knocking and calling, β€˜Master, open the door for us!’ he will say to you, β€˜I don’t know you. Where do you come from?'” (Source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang)
  • Uma: “Because their time will come, the houseowner will stand, going to shut the door. If for example you are still standing outside at that time, you ask for the door to be opened, you say: ‘Lord, please open for us (excl.)!’ ‘He will answer you: ‘I do not know you, or where you are from.'” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “When the owner of the house has already stood up and locked the door then you will be just outside knocking on the door and calling, ‘O, Sir, open for us (excl.).’ Then he will answer saying, ‘I don’t know where you are from.'” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “Because the owner of the house, he will shut that door. And if you are still on the outside, you will be calling, saying, ‘Open the door for us.’ But the only answer that the owner of the house will give you is, ‘I don’t know who you are or where you come from.'” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “‘Put-forth your effort (lit. ability) to enter the narrow doorway to heaven while you still have opportunity. Because starting-from when the house owner closes-the-door, many will try to enter but they won’t be able. Even though they knock saying, ‘Lord, please open,’ he will say in reply, ‘I don’t know you and where you are from.'” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “For it’s like the householder will close the door. Well, you will just be left standing there outside, pleading to be let in, saying, ‘Lord, please do let us in.’ His reply to you will be, ‘I don’t recognize/know you, who you are.'” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)

complete verse (Revelation 19:4)

Following are a number of back-translations of Revelation 19:4:

  • Uma: “From there, the twenty-four elders and the four living things, they all fell prostrate in front of the Seat of God and they worshipped him, they said: ‘Amin! Haleluya!'” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “Then the twenty four elders and the four angels of-different-kind prostrated and praised God, the one sitting on the throne. And they said, ‘Amin. Let us (incl.) praise God.'” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “Then the twenty-four elders and the four breathing creatures fell on their faces and worshipped God who sits on His seat of ruling. They said, ‘That’s right! Praise God!'” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “Then the twenty four leaders and the four living creatures, they knelt face-down to praise/worship God who is seated on the throne. They said, ‘That’s it (expression of approval)! Let us praise God!'” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “Well, those twenty four elders and those four created living beings, they bowed down and worshipped God who is sitting on his seat of kingship. What they said was, ‘This is the truth. Praise God!'” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “The twenty-four surrounding the sitting place of God, and also the four who stood at the corners of the chair, all prostrated themselves to the ground to worship God where he sat. They said, ‘All is good what was said. Now we must praise God,’ they said.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)

complete verse (Romans 14:19)

Following are a number of back-translations of Romans 14:19:

  • Uma: “That’s why we must exert effort to live in harmony with others and mutually strengthen each others’ hearts.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “Therefore we (incl.) ought-to/must really persevere in doing the deeds which cause harmony with/please our (incl.) companions and we (incl.) should help each other so that our (incl.) trusting in God becomes stronger.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “The reason we carefully correct our behavior is so that our peaceful relationship with our companions may not be removed, and also so that the faith of each one of us might be drawn tight.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “Therefore let us do all in our power to do what leads to our harmony and what strengthens the faith of each one.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “Now let us search for the word that we will not argue about. Each one of us, let us search for how to strengthen the faith of our fellow believers.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)

complete verse (Luke 14:22)

Following are a number of back-translations of Luke 14:22:

  • Noongar: “The servant soon came back and he said, β€˜Boss, I have done what you said. But your house is not full.'” (Source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang)
  • Uma: “‘When he arrived back, he said saying to the owner of the feast: ‘Father, I carried-out [lit., caused-to-walk] your (sing.) commands, but your (sing.) house is not full, there are still chairs/seats.'” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “Not long after that, his servant came back and said to his master, ‘I have done what you commanded, Sir, but there is still room.'” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And when the servant returned, he said to his master, ‘The people you sent me to are arriving, and yet your house is still not full.'” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “And he went. A while later, he went and said to his master, ‘Sir, I have obeyed what you (sing.) commanded, but there is still room for others.'” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “When that messenger returned, he said, ‘Master, I did what you told me to do, but the eating-place indeed still has room/space.'” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)

complete verse (Revelation 20:15)

Following are a number of back-translations of Revelation 20:15:

  • Uma: “All the people whose names were not written in the Book of Life were thrown into the sea of fire. After that, there is no longer death, there is no longer a place of the dead, because all people whose names are not written in the Book of Life had been thrown into the sea of fire. That is what is called the second death, punishment in the sea of fire.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “Then all those whose names were not listed in the book for writing the names of the people who have life without end were also thrown into the sulphur fire large as a lake.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “Anyone at that time whose name was not listed in the Book of Life, he was thrown in the flaming lake.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “And anyone whose name was not written in the book in which were written the names of those who had life that has no end, he was thrown into that place of flaming fire.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “And those whose name was not written in that in which are written those who would be given life without ending, were also thrown there.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “All whose names were not found written in the book which says who meet up with the new life were all thrown in the lake which burns fiercely with fire.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)

complete verse (Romans 15:28)

Following are a number of back-translations of Romans 15:28:

  • Uma: “So, I am going first to Yerusalem to offer to them this help money that has been gathered. After that, then I will go to the land of Spanyol, passing through your village.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “When this work of mine is finished, that means when I have already given/handed-over to them all the money sent to them, I will leave/sail for the land of the Kastila’ nation and I will first stop-over to visit you there.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And when this work of mine is finished, I will deliver this money which is meant to help them. And then I will leave again for Spain and I will stop over with you.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “So then, after I have handed-over this money to them, I will then set-out heading-for-Espanya and I will stop-by to visit you.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “But now as soon as I have gone and delivered the money which has been gathered, I then will go to Spain. But I want to pass through there where you live to greet you.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)

complete verse (Luke 15:19)

Following are a number of back-translations of Luke 15:19:

  • Noongar: “I have been very bad. You must not call me your son. But you must put me like your servants and pay me for working.”” (Source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang)
  • Uma: “I am no longer fit for you (sing.) to call your (sing.) child, Father. It is better that you (sing.) consider me just your (sing.) slave.'” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “I am no longer worthy to be called your child. Consider me now just like one of your servants.'” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “I’m no longer worthy that you think of me anymore as your son, but rather, just think of me as one of your servants.'” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “I am admittedly not worthy to be counted as your (sing.) child, but if it could be possible, I will please join-in-working for you (sing.).'” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “It really is no longer possible/acceptable that you still call me your son. Regard me just as one of your paid-workers.”” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)