comfort, encourage

The Greek and Hebrew that is translated in English as “encourage” or “comfort” is translated in Enlhet as “become calm of the innermost.” “Innermost” or valhoc is a term that is frequently used in Enlhet to describe a large variety of emotions or states of mind (for other examples see here). (Source: Jacob Loewen in The Bible Translator 1969, p. 24ff. )

In Bacama it is translated as “(to) cool stomach” (source: David Frank in this blog post ), in Yatzachi Zapotec as “cause hearts to mature,” in Isthmus Zapotec “hearts may lie quiet” (source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.) and in Thai “give heart power to” (source: Bratcher / Hatton 2000).

See also Seat of the Mind / Seat of Emotions and consolation.

complete verse (Ephesians 6:22)

Following are a number of back-translations of Ephesians 6:22:

  • Uma: “That is why I send him to go [to you], in order to say to you there how we (excl.) are, in order that your hearts be comforted.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “I send Tikikus to you so that he can tell you as to how I am here and what I am doing. This Tikikus is one of our (incl.) beloved brothers because he also trusts in Almasi. He works for our (incl.) Lord/Leader and he is trustworthy in his work. He will tell you about us (excl.) here and he will encourage your livers.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “The reason I am sending him there to you is so that you might know what our situation is here, so that your faith in God might be perfected.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “Therefore I am sending him to you so that he will report what is happening to us (excl.) here and so that he will strengthen your minds.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “I sent him there to you so that you would really comprehend our (excl.) situation here, and so that your mind/inner-being would be strengthened.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “This Tychicus I am sending to you in order to greet you. And thus he will tell you what is happening to me. This word he will tell you will strengthen your hearts.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)

inclusive vs. exclusive pronoun (Eph. 6:22)

Many languages distinguish between inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns (“we”). (Click or tap here to see more details)

The inclusive “we” specifically includes the addressee (“you and I and possibly others”), while the exclusive “we” specifically excludes the addressee (“he/she/they and I, but not you”). This grammatical distinction is called “clusivity.” While Semitic languages such as Hebrew or most Indo-European languages such as Greek or English do not make that distinction, translators of languages with that distinction have to make a choice every time they encounter “we” or a form thereof (in English: “we,” “our,” or “us”).

For this verse, translators typically select the exclusive form (excluding the addressee), making this the only occurrence of an exclusive pronoun in Ephesians.

Source: Velma Pickett and Florence Cowan in Notes on Translation January 1962, p. 1ff.

formal 2nd person plural pronoun (Japanese)

Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.

Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a formal plural suffix to the second person pronoun (“you” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. In these verses, anata-gata (あなたがた) is used, combining the second person pronoun anata and the plural suffix -gata to create a formal plural pronoun (“you” [plural] in English).

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

Translation commentary on Ephesians 6:21 – 6:22

These two verses are practically identical with Colossians 4.7-8; verse 22 is exactly the same as Colossians 4.8 and should (unlike Good News Translation) be translated the same.

In verse 21 Tychicus is referred to as our dear brother and faithful servant in the Lord’s work (Col 4.7 adds “and fellow slave”).

Since the appositional phrase our dear brother and faithful servant in the Lord’s work is relatively long, it may be better to make it the predicate part of an initial sentence, for example, “Tychicus is our dear brother and faithful servant in the Lord’s work.” The possessive pronoun our may be interpreted as inclusive, since Paul evidently intends for the people at Ephesus to recognize Tychicus as a fellow believer. In a number of languages it is not possible to use a term meaning “brother,” since this may not have any figurative meaning. Therefore our dear brother must be rendered as “our dear fellow believer” or “a fellow believer whom we very much love.”

Faithful servant may perhaps best be interpreted as “one who serves us loyally” or else as “one who serves the Lord faithfully.” Faithful could be interpreted as “faithful to the Lord in the work that is done.”

The phrase in the Lord’s work may be expressed as “in doing work for the Lord” or “in what we do for the Lord.” There is a sense in which the Lord himself is working, but this is being done through Paul, Tychicus, and others.

Will give you all the news about me may be expressed as “will tell you everything about me” or perhaps better “will tell you everything that has been happening to me.”

The Greek construction which Good News Translation translates so that you may know may mean “so that you also may know” (Revised Standard Version and others). It is not clear what other group is implied by this “also.” Barth lists three possibilities and concludes that it means reciprocity: the writer had heard about them (1.15), and now they in turn are to hear about him. This is possible but doesn’t seem too probable. New English Bible, Translator’s New Testament, Barclay, New American Bible, like Good News Translation, translate simply “that you may know”; the Greek for “and” does not necessarily mean here “also, too.”

How I am getting along (Phillips “how I am getting on”) is an idiomatic representation of the Greek phrase which Revised Standard Version, New International Version, Barclay translate “what I am doing”; Moffatt, New English Bible, Translator’s New Testament translate “how I am.”

In some languages it may be important to select carefully an appropriate term for sending, since in this context there is obviously no threat of force or imposition. Therefore it is often more appropriate to translate the first clause of verse 22 as “that is why I am asking him to go to you” or “… to visit you.”

In verse 22 the author repeats his purpose in sending Tychicus to his readers, but in different words from those in verse 21, and this time includes others: to tell you how all of us are getting along. This is the first and only time in the letter that the writer associates others with himself.

The pronoun us in verse 22 is an exclusive first person plural form, since Paul is talking about himself and close colleagues and not about those who are in Ephesus.

In some languages the phrase to encourage you is translated as “cause your hearts to become strong” or “to take away your fears” or “to cause you no longer to worry.”

Quoted with permission from Bratcher, Robert C. and Nida, Eugene A. A Handbook on Paul’s Letter to the Ephesians. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1982. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

SIL Translator’s Notes on Ephesians 6:22

6:22a

I have sent him to you: When Paul wrote this letter, Tychicus was with him. They were probably in Rome, and Paul sent him to Ephesus where the people who received this letter were.

sent him: Some languages have a different word for “send things” and “send a person.” If the verb “send” in your language has the idea of forcing someone to go against his will, then you could say:

I am asking him to go to you
-or-
I am asking him to go to visit you

for this very purpose: The phrase this very purpose is restated in the following clause, “that you may know how we are.” Paul is restating what he said in 6:21b, but making it more general by including the people who were with him when he wrote the letter.

that you may know about us: As stated above, this clause is similar in meaning to the clause in 6:21b, “that you also may know how about me and what I am doing.” Here, Paul is including those who were with him when he was writing this letter to the Ephesians.

about us: The pronoun us refers to Paul and his companions.

Here are some other ways to translate this clause:

to tell you how all of us are getting along (Good News Translation)
-or-
to let you know how we are doing (New Living Translation (2004))

6:22b

that he may encourage your hearts: The clause that he may encourage your hearts means that Paul wanted Tychicus to comfort the Ephesian Christians and to cheer them up so they would not feel sad that Paul was in prison.

Your language may have an idiomatic expression that means encourage. For example:

strengthen your hearts
-or-
stand strong ⌊in the Lord

General Comment on 6:21–22

In some languages it may be clearer to take the main clause of 6:22a, “I am sending him to you,” and state it at the beginning of 6:21. For example:

22a
I have asked Tychicus to go to visit you,21a so he can tell you all the news, 21b and so you will know how I am and what I am doing. 21a Tychicus is our relative in the faith whom I love, and he faithfully serves the Lord. 22a So, I am sending him so he can tell you what is happening to us here. 22b And in that way he can encourage you.

© 1999, 2019 by SIL International®
Made available under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License (CC BY-SA) creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.
All Scripture quotations in this publication, unless otherwise indicated, are from The Holy Bible, Berean Standard Bible.
BSB is produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee.

Sung version of Ephesians 6

Living Water is produced for the Bible translation movement in association with Lutheran Bible Translators. Lyrics derived from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®).

For more information, see here .