priest

The Hebrew, Aramaic, Ge’ez, and Greek that are typically translated as “priest” in English (itself deriving from Latin “presbyter” — “elder”) is often translated with a consideration of existing religious traditions. (Click or tap for details)

Bratcher / Nida (1961) say this:

“However, rather than borrow local names for priests, some of which have unwanted connotations, a number of translations have employed descriptive phrases based on certain functions: (1) those describing a ceremonial activity: Pamona uses tadu, the priestess who recites the litanies in which she describes her journey to the upper or under-world to fetch life-spirit for sick people, animals or plants; Batak Toba uses the Arabic malim, ‘Muslim religious teacher;’ ‘one who presents man’s sacrifice to God’ (Bambara, Eastern Maninkakan), ‘one who presents sacrifices’ (Baoulé, Navajo (Dinė)), ‘one who takes the name of the sacrifice’ (Kpelle, and ‘to make a sacrifice go out’ (Hausa); (2) those describing an intermediary function: ‘one who speaks to God’ (Shipibo-Conibo) and ‘spokesman of the people before God’ (Tabasco Chontal).”

In Obolo it is translated as ogwu ngwugwa or “the one who offers sacrifice” (source: Enene Enene), in Mairasi as agam aevar nevwerai: “religious leader” (source: Enggavoter 2004), in Ignaciano as “blesser, one who does ritual as a practice” (using a generic term rather than the otherwise common Spanish loan word sacerdote) (source: Willis Ott in Notes on Translation 88/1982, p. 18ff.), and in Noongar as yakin-kooranyi or “holy worker” (source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang).

For Guhu-Samane, Ernest Richert (in The Bible Translator, 1965, p. 81ff. ) reports this: “The [local] cult of Poro used to be an all-encompassing religious system that essentially governed all areas of life. (…) For ‘priest’ the term ‘poro father’ would at first seem to be a natural choice. However, several priests of the old cult are still living. Although they no longer function primarily as priests of the old system they still have a substantial influence on the community, and there would be more than a chance that the unqualified term would (in some contexts particularly) be equated with the priest of the poro cult. We learned, then, that the poro fathers would sometimes be called ‘knife men’ in relation to their sacrificial work. The panel was pleased to apply this term to the Jewish priest, and the Christian community has adopted it fully. [Mark 1:44, for instance, now] reads: ‘You must definitely not tell any man of this. But you go show your body to the knife man and do what Moses said about a sacrifice concerning your being healed, and the cause (base of this) will be apparent.'”

For a revision of the 1968 version of the Bible in Khmer Joseph Hong (in: The Bible Translator 1996, 233ff. ) talks about a change in wording for this term:

​​Bau cha r (បូជា‌ចារ្យ) — The use of this new construction meaning “priest” is maintained to translate the Greek word hiereus. The term “mean sang (មាន សង្ឃ)” used in the old version actually means a “Buddhist monk,” and is felt to be theologically misleading. The Khmer considers the Buddhist monk as a “paddy field of merits,” a reserve of merits to be shared with other people. So a Khmer reader would find unthinkable that the mean sang in the Bible killed animals, the gravest sin for a Buddhist; and what a scandal it would be to say that a mean sang was married, had children, and drank wine.

See also idolatrous priests.

complete verse (2 Kings 12:16)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of 2 Kings 12:16:

  • Kupsabiny: “There were other money which were given for sacrifices for forgiving mistakes and for sweeping away sin. Those were not used for the Homestead of God, but they belonged to the priests.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
  • Newari: “The money that came from guilt offering and purification offering was not brought into the temple of the LORD, it belonged to the priests.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “The money that was-given together with the offerings as payment for sin and offerings for cleansing were- not -put inside the box there in the temple of the LORD, for that was only for the priests.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • English: “But the money that people gave to pay for the wrong things that they had done and the money they gave to purify themselves because of the sins that they had committed was not put in the chest. That money belonged to the priests.” (Source: Translation for Translators)

Translation commentary on 2 Kings 12:16

This verse begins in Hebrew with no conjunction. Since the money from the two kinds of offerings listed here was not used for the repairs of the Temple, New Living Translation begins the verse with the word “However” to show the contrast between how this money was used and how the money in the previous verses was used (see especially verse 4). Unlike the offering mentioned above that could be used only for the repairs of the Temple, these two kinds of offerings are associated with negative feelings of guilt and uncleanness and are to belong to the priests.

The money from the guilt offerings and the money from the sin offerings: The guilt offerings and sin offerings in this passage are not mentioned elsewhere in the books of 1–2 Kings, and the parallel passage in 2 Chr 24 leaves them out. Commentators are divided concerning what is meant by the money from these offerings. According to Jewish tradition, money was given to the priests to purchase the animals needed for these sacrifices and in some cases there was money left over (Slotki). Others take this as a reference to money taken in as fines that accompanied these offerings. Contemporary English Version, for example, translates “The fines that had to be paid along with the sacrifices to make things right and the sacrifices for sin.” According to Lev 5.16, a fifth of the guilt offering belonged to the priest, and a similar sense may be intended here.

Guilt offerings are discussed in detail in Lev 5.14–6.7. The distinction between guilt offerings and sin offerings is not always clear. A guilt offering may involve financial payment in return for the wrong done. For this reason it is sometimes translated “reparation offering” (Nouvelle Bible Segond, Osty-Trinquet). This kind of offering was frequently made in connection with unintentional wrongdoing.

There is an explanation of sin offerings in Lev 4. The rendering “sin offering” is a traditional translation, but more recent scholarship understands this offering to be more accurately described as a “purification offering” (so Revised English Bible). The German translation by Buber and Rosenzweig calls this a “de-sin offering”; that is, this offering was made in order to remove the impurity caused by sin.

The passive verb was … brought (Good News Translation “was not deposited”) can be made active by beginning this verse with “The people in charge of the Temple repairs did not receive the money…” or “They [indefinite] did not put the money … in the box.”

Instead of saying it belonged to the priests, some may prefer to say “the priests had a right to keep this money.” Compare Lev 7.7.

Quoted with permission from Omanson, Roger L. and Ellington, John E. A Handbook on 1-2 Kings, Volume 2. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 2008. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

SIL Translator’s Notes on 2 Kings 12:16

12:16a The money from the guilt offerings and sin offerings

The silver from the sacrifices to remove their guilt and from the sacrifices to cleanse/purify them from sin

-or-

People continued to offer silver pieces/money to God ⌊to remove⌋ their guilt and ⌊cleanse/purify⌋ them from their sin.

12:16b was not brought into the house of the LORD;

was not brought into the house of Yahweh.

-or-

However, they did not put that money into ⌊the box outside⌋ Yahweh’s temple.

12:16a-b (reordered)

The people in charge of the temple repairs did not receive the money from the guilt offerings or from the sin offerings.

12:16c it belonged to the priests.

That silver was for the priests to keep.

-or-

The priests had a right to keep this money.

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