The now commonly-used English idiom “the powers that be” (meaning the people who decide what is allowed or acceptable) was first coined in 1526 in the English New Testament translation of William Tyndale. In Tyndale it appears in Romans 13:2 but refers to exousia ousai in verse 13:1. (Source: Crystal 2010, p. 282)
For other idioms in English that were coined by Bible translation, see here.
The Hebrew that is typically translated as “basket” in English is translated in the English translation by Everett Fox (first ed. 1983) as “little-ark.”
Fox explains (Translator’s Preface, p. XVIIIf.): “A powerful example of the (…) allusion occurs near the beginning of Exodus. Baby Moses, floating precariously yet fetus-like on the Nile, is one of the enduring images in the book, as children have long attested. Modern English readers, however, are seldom aware that the Hebrew word for Moses’s floating cradle — rendered by virtually all standard translations as ‘basket’ — is the same as the one used in Gen. 6:14ff. to describe Noah’s famous vessel (teiva). Preserving the connection between the two, as I have tried to do in the Exodus passage with ‘little-ark’ (and which, incidentally, the authors of the King James Version did with ‘ark’), is to keep open the play of profound meaning that exists between the two stories.”
See also papyrus.
The Greek that is typically transliterated as “Beelzebul” in English used to be transliterated in English and most other languages with a long tradition in Bible translation as Beelzebub, going back to the Latin Vulgate translation that had used Beelzebub. St. Jerome likely had done that to correspond with the pronunciation of Baal Zebub (בַּעַל זְבוּב) of 2 Kings 1:2 where a Philistine god by that name is mentioned. The Hebrew name carries the derogative meaning “Baal (or: god) of flies” and is likely an ironic and humiliating misspelling of Baal Zebul with the meaning of “Baal (or: god) the Prince” (see Translation commentary on 2 Kings 1:2).
In popular German literature of the 14th through 17th century, the term “Beelzebock” was also used, a word with a similar sound, but with last and changed syllable carrying the meaning of “(billy) goat / ram,” the partial form of the devil in popular imagination. (Source: Jost Zetzsche — see also the sheep from the goats)
In languages that use Chinese characters, including Mandarin Chinese, Min Nan Chinese, Yue Chinese (Cantonese), or Hakka Chinese, the characters 別西卜 are used in Protestant translations (pronunciation in Mandarin: biéxību, in Cantonese: bit6 sai1 buk1, in Hakka phe̍t-sî-puk). That transliteration name has been used since at least 1850 in the Literary Chinese Delegates’ Version, likely because of the suitably negative meaning of the last character 卜 or “divination.” (The Catholic transliteration is 貝耳則步 / bèiěrzébù in Mandarin, without any particular meaning.)
In Western Bukidnon Manobo it is translated with Endedaman, the Manobo name for the ruler of the evil spirits (source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation) and in the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) with Oberteufel or “chief devil.”
In Libras (Brazilian Sign Language) it is translated with a sign that combines the signs for “Baal” and “fly,” because of its meaning of “Baal (god) of flies.” (Source: Missão Kophós )
“Beelzebul” in Libras (source )
“The name of the god of Ekron in 2 Kings 1:2, Baal-zebub, may possibly mean ‘Lord of the fly,’ in other words the god who protected people from the sores and diseases caused by flies. However, the name may instead be related to the Ugaritic word zebul (𐎇𐎁𐎍), ‘the highest,’ and thus may have originally been Baal-zebul (𐎁𐎓𐎍. 𐎇𐎁𐎍), the Canaanite equivalent of ‘Most High Lord,’ but it was changed sarcastically by the people of Israel to Baal-zebub, ‘Lord of the fly.’ Because of the doubt about the proper derivation of the word, it is probably best to transliterate the name rather than try to translate it, and add a footnote as follows, ‘This name means ‘Lord of flies’ and may be a mocking corruption of the god’s real name Baal-zebul.’ (Source: All Creatures Great and Small: Living things in the Bible (UBS Helps for Translators) ).
(The Catholic Christian Community Bible [first English edition 1997, other translations into Indonesian, Chinese, Cebuano, Chavacano, French, Ilonggo, Korean, Quechuan, Spanish, and Tagalog] “for the Christian Communities of the Third World” uses the following introduction.)
The period of the Kings is the third stage in Israel’s history. It follows the period of the Patriarchs (Abraham in 1750 B.C.) and that of the Exodus and the Conquest (Moses in 1250 B.C.).
David captured Jerusalem around 1000 B.C. After Solomon’s death in 932 B.C., the Kingdom of David and his son Solomon would be divided. The northern part, called the Kingdom of Israel, would cease to exist as a nation two centuries later. The southern part, called the Kingdom of Judah, would last until the year 587 B.C., the year of the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple, and of the Exile to Babylon.
This period covers a total of four centuries. These four centuries of the Kings are the most important in sacred history because these are the period during which God raised up prophets from among his people.
The greater part of the Bible was written during those four centuries. It was not only the major prophets who produced writings, e.g., Isaiah and Jeremiah. There were also groups of prophets of lesser importance who wrote much of Israel’s history, such as the greater part of the pages of Genesis and Exodus, the books of Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings.
We can say that the period of the Kings is the most important period in sacred history. It is also the time which we know with the greatest precision.
These four centuries would appear to be the time of the Kingdom of Israel’s decadence if we paid attention only to its wealth and power. But during these four centuries, through trials, persecutions and difficulties of all kinds, Israel’s faith matured to the point of reaching, in the great prophets, a sublimity and clarity which only Christ would enhance.
The book of Kings
In the beginning, the actual books of Kings formed one book. This work is the fruit of the prophets’ reflection and was edited during the Exile in Babylon.
It is a religious history. And the events which other historians would consider important are deliberately omitted. For instance, it hardly discusses the important reigns of Omri and of Jeroboam II in Samaria. Its judgment on the Kings of Israel (Kingdom of Samaria) is always negative, blaming them for the division of the ancient Kingdom of David. Only a few kings of Judah are praised for their loyalty to Yahweh.
We can easily note three parts:
– the grandeur of Solomon’s reign and of the Temple;
– the history of the two kingdoms of Israel and Judah after their division;
– after the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel, the history of Judah until Jerusalem’s destruction in 587.
The chapters referring to Elijah and Elisha form a unit apart: 1 K 17–19 and 2 K 2–8.
Down below are the introductions in the Mandarin Chinese, Tagalog, Cebuano, and Spanish editions.
列王纪上：引言
列王时期是以色列历史的第三阶段。在此之前是民长时代（公元前1750年的亚伯郎）和出离埃及与征服许地的时代（公元前1250年的梅瑟）。
达味王在公元前一千年左右攻占了耶路撒冷。公元前932年所罗门死后，达味王和他儿子所罗门的江山一分为二。北部的以色列王国，在分裂后有过两百年的历史，然后面对了亡国的厄运。南部的犹大王国，分裂后持续到公元前587年，就在这一年，耶路撒冷沦陷于巴比伦之手，圣殿遭到毁灭，以色列人也被放逐到巴比伦。
这个时期，历时四百年之久。列王时期的这四百年，是圣经历史上最重要的年代段限，因为在这段时期内，天主从祂的子民当中兴起了先知。
圣经中有一大部分书籍也是在这个时期写成，不单只是依撒意亚和耶肋米亚这些大先知在从事创作，还有一群较不为人所知的先知也写下了大部分的以色列历史。其中有：大部分的创世纪和出谷纪、申命纪、若苏厄、民长纪、撒慕尔纪和列王纪。
我们了解到列王时期是圣经上最重要的时期，我们对这个时期有很清楚的了解。
如果我们单单就以色列的财富和国力而论，那么这四百年就好像以色列王国的衰亡史。但是，就民族精神和信仰的成熟而言，以色列在这四百年中，经由各种磨难、迫害和困难，在信仰上臻于成熟，其崇高和纯净的程度，许多先知认为只有基督才能将之更向前推展。
列王纪
刚开始的时候，真正的列王纪只有一部书。这部作品是先知反省的果实，编纂时期大约是在以色列人流放到巴比伦的时候。
这部书记载了信仰的发展史，所以很多历史学家得出结论：重要的历史事实在这本书中被故意地省略掉了：如书中几乎没有讨论到撒玛利亚的敖默黎和雅洛贝罕二世的重要统治。书中对列王的评断是很严厉的，认为这些人必须为分裂负责。只有犹大的一些君王因忠于雅威受到赞美。
本书分三部分
前编：所罗门统治期间和圣殿的光荣（1-11）。
中编：犹大以色列两国君王史（列上12-列下17）。
后编：以色列王国毁灭之后，公元前587年耶路撒冷陷落前，犹大国晚年史（列下18-25）。
有关厄里亚和厄里叟的章节，另成独立的单元：列上17-19和列下2-8。
1 Mga Hari Introduksyon
Ang panahon ng Mga Hari ang ikatlong yugto sa kasaysayan ng Israel. Kasunod ito ng panahon ng Mga Patriyarka (si Abram sa taong 1750 bago dumating si Kristo) at ng panahon ng Exodo at Pananakop (si Moises sa taong 1250 bago kay Kristo).
Nakuha ni David ang Jerusalem mga taong 1000 bago kay Kristo. Mahahati naman ang kaharian ni David at ng kanyang anak na si Solomon pagkamatay ni Solomon sa taong 932 bago kay Kristo. At pagkaraan ng dalawang dantaon, mawawala bilang bansa ang hilagang bahagi na tinatawag na kaharian ng Israel. Mananatili naman ang bahaging timog na tinatawag na kaharian ng Juda hanggang sa taong 587, ang taon ng pagkawasak ng Jerusalem at ng Templo pati na ng Pagkatapon sa Babilonia.
Apat na dantaon ito sa kabuuan. At ang apat na dantaong ito ng Mga Hari ang pinakaimportante sa banal na kasaysayan. Sapagkat ito humigit-kumulang ang panahon nang palitawin ng Diyos ang mga propeta mula sa bayang iyon.
Sa apat na dantaong ito nasulat ang malaking bahagi ng Biblia. Hindi lamang ang mga dakilang propeta ang nag-iwan ng kanilang mga gawa: Isaias, Jeremias… kundi ang mga pangkat ng mga propeta na di masyadong mahalaga ang silang sumulat sa malaking bahagi ng kasaysayan ng Israel: ang mas maraming bahagi sa mga pahina ng Genesis at ng Exodo, ang mga libro ng Deuteronomio, Josue, Mga Hukom, Samuel at Mga Hari.
Kaya masasabi nating ang panahon ng Mga Hari ang pinakaimportante sa banal na kasaysayan, at ito ang panahong alam natin nang may higit na katiyakan.
Magiging pagbagsak at kabulukan nga lamang ng Kaharian ng Israel ang apat na dantaong ito kung ang kasaganaan lamang at kapangyarihan nito ang pagtutuunan natin ng pansin. Pero sa apat na dantaong ito lumago ang pananampalataya ng Israel na nahaharap sa lahat ng klase ng tukso, pag-uusig at kahirapan, hanggang marating ang kadakilaan at kaliwanagan sa mga dakilang propeta na tanging si Kristo lamang ang mas makapagsusulong.
Ang Aklat ng Mga Hari
Sa simula’y iisang aklat lamang ang dalawang libro ng Mga Hari. Bunga ng pagninilay ng mga propeta ang librong ito na binuo at tinipon sa panahon ng Pagkatapon sa Babilonia.
Isa itong kasaysayang panrelihiyon kaya naman kusang di isinasama ang mga bagay-bagay na maaaring importante para sa iba: halos wala itong sinasabi tungkol sa mahalagang paghahari nina Omri at Yeroboam II sa Samaria. Laging di maganda ang paghuhusga nito sa mga hari ng Israel (Kaharian ng Samaria), at isinisisi sa kanila ang pagkakahati ng matandang Kaharian ni David. Ilang hari lamang ng Juda ang pinupuri nito dahil sa kanilang katapatan kay Yawe.
Tatlong bahagi ang mapapansin:
– ang karilagan ng paghahari ni Solomon at ng Templo;
– ang kasaysayan ng dalawang kaharian ng Israel at Juda matapos mahati;
– matapos maglaho ang kaharian ng Israel, nagpapatuloy ang kasaysayan ng Juda hanggang sa pagkawasak nito sa taong 587.
Bumubuo ng isang hiwalay na bahagi ang mga kabanata tungkol kina Elias at Eliseo: 1 Hari kab. 17-19 at 2 Hari kab. 2 hanggang 8.
Ang panahon sa mga Hari maoy ikatulong yugto sa Kasaysayan sa Israel. Sunod ni sa panahon sa mga Patriarka (Abraham, 1750 B.C. ug sa Exodo ug Kadaogan (Moises, 1250 B.C.).
Nailog ni David ang Jerusalem sa mga tuig 1000, B.C. Human mamatay si Solomon sa 932, B.C., ang gingharian ni David ug sa anak niya nga si Solomon nabahin sa duha. Ang Amihanang bahin nga gitawag og Gingharian sa Israel nahanaw sa paglabay sa duha ka siglo. Ang habagatang bahin nga gitawag og Gingharian sa Juda milungtad hangtod sa tuig 587, B.C., ang pagkalumpag sa Jerusalem ug sa Templo ug ang Pagkabihag ini sa Babilonia.
Kining panahon may gidugayon nga upat ka siglo. Kining upat ka siglo sa mga Hari maoy labing importanti sa Balaang Kasaysayan kay mao man ni ang panahon kanus-a ang Diyos nagpadalag mga propeta sa iyang katawhan.
Ang taas nga bahin sa Biblia nasulat ining upat ka siglo. Wala lang kini sulata sa mga dagkong propeta sama nila ni Isaias ug Jeremias, apan dunay pundok sa ubang propeta nga dili kaayo ilado nga nagsulat sa dagkong bahin sa kasaysayan sa Israel: ang taas nga bahin sa Genesis ug Exodo, ang mga basahon sa Deuteronomio, Josue, Mga Maghuhukom, Samuel ug mga Hari.
Gawas nga ang panahon sa mga Hari maoy labing mahinungdanon sa balaang kasaysayan; mao sab kini ang panahon kanus-a ang mga hitabo klaro ug tukma gayod.
Makita nga kining upat ka siglo panahon sa nagkaawop nga kasaysayan sa Gingharian sa Israel, kon mao lay atong lantawon ang gahom ug bahandi. Apan sulod ining upat ka siglo, pinaagi sa mga pagsulay, mga panglutos, ug sa tanang matang sa kalisdanan nga ilang naagian, uban sa mga propeta, nakaabot ang Israel sa kahamtongan sa pagtoo nga nahingpit ug natuman diha ni Cristo.
Ang Basahon sa mga Hari
Sa Sinugdan ang mga Hari gihimong usa ra ka basahon. Kining tanan bunga sa pamalandong sa mga propeta nga nahashasan sa pagkabihag nila sa Babilonia.
Usa ni ka relihiyosong kasaysayan; gituyo nga wala dinhi ilakip ang mga hitabo nga giisip nga mahinungdanon sa ubang batid sa kasaysayan: halos wala mahisgoti dinhi ang mahinungdanong pagmando ni Omri ug Yeroboam II sa Samaria. Gihinumdoman ang mga hukom ug binuhatan sa mga Hari nga nakaingon sa pagkabulag sa Gingharian. Pipila ra ang mga hari sa Juda nga gidayeg tungod sa ilang kamaunongan kang Yahwe.
Tulo ka bahin ang dali rang mamatikdan:
– ang mahimayaong paghari ni Solomon ug ang Templo;
– ang kasaysayan sa duha ka gingharian sa Israel ug Juda human sa ilang pagkabulag;
– human sa pagkapukan sa Gingharian sa Israel, giasoy ang kasaysayan sa Juda hangtod sa pagkapukan sa Jerusalem sa tuig 587 B.C.
Ang mga ulohan nga naghisgot ni Elias ug Eliseo himulag nga han-ay 1 Hari 17 nagdto sa 19 ug 2 Hari 2 ngadto sa 8.
El tiempo de los Reyes constituye la tercera etapa de la historia de Israel, después del tiempo de los Patriarcas (Abraham, en los años 1750 antes de Cristo) y el tiempo del Exodo y la Conquista (Moisés, en los años 1250 antes de Cristo).
David había tomado Jerusalén más o menos en el año 1000 antes de Cristo. El reino de David y su hijo Salomón se dividirá a la muerte de Salomón, ocurrida en el 932 antes de Cristo. La parte del norte, llamada reino de Israel, dejará de existir como nación al cabo de dos siglos. La parte del sur, llamada reino de Judá, durará hasta el año 587, año de la destrucción de Jerusalén y del Templo, con el Destierro a Babilonia.
Son cuatro siglos en total. Estos cuatro siglos de los Reyes son los más importantes de la historia sagrada, porque éste fue, más o menos, el tiempo en que Dios hizo surgir en ese pueblo los profetas.
La mayor parte de la Biblia se escribió en esos cuatro siglos. No solamente los grandes profetas dejaron sus obras: Isaías, Jeremías..., sino que grupos de profetas de menos importancia escribieron gran parte de la historia de Israel: la mayoría de las páginas del Génesis y del Exodo, los libros del Deuteronomio, de Josué, de los Jueces, de Samuel y de los Reyes.
Con esto queremos decir que el período de los Reyes es el que conocemos con mayor precisión histórica.
Estos fueron cuatro siglos en que la fe de Israel, enfrentando tentaciones, persecuciones y dificultades de toda clase, maduró hasta alcanzar, en los grandes profetas, esta sublimidad y lucidez que sólo Cristo podía llevar más adelante.
El libro de los Reyes
Al comienzo, los dos libros de los Reyes formaban uno solo. Esta obra es el fruto de la reflexión de los profetas y terminó de redactarse durante el Destierro a Babilonia.
Se trata de una historia religiosa que, deliberadamente, omite hechos que a otros parecerían muy interesantes: apenas se habla de los importantes reinados de Omri y Jeroboam II en Samaria. El juicio es siempre desfavorable para los reyes de Israel, recordando cada vez la culpa del primero de ellos, Jeroboam, responsable de la división. Solamente se alaba a algunos reyes de Judá por su fidelidad a Yavé.
Se notarán tres partes:
— La magnificencia del reinado de Salomón y del Templo.
— La historia de los dos reinos separados de Israel y de Judá.
— Después de la desaparición del reino de Israel, sigue la historia de Judá hasta su destrucción, en el 587.
Los capítulos referentes a Elías y Eliseo forman un conjunto aparte: 1 R, capítulos 17-19, y 2 R, capítulos 2 a 8.
(The Catholic Christian Community Bible [first English edition 1997, other translations into Indonesian, Chinese, Cebuano, Chavacano, French, Ilonggo, Korean, Quechuan, Spanish, and Tagalog] “for the Christian Communities of the Third World” uses the following introduction.)
Around the year 630, Zephaniah’s breaks the silence of the seventy year lull during which they had not heard the word of God. Isaiah concluded his mission around 690, and after that the faithful of Judah went through more than fifty years of persecution in the reign of Manasseh.
Down below are the introductions in the Mandarin Chinese, Tagalog, Cebuano, and Spanish editions.
大约在公元前630年，经过了七十年没有听到天主圣言的日子，索福尼亚的声音打破了沉寂。依撒意亚约在公元前690年左右完成了他的使命，自此之后，犹大的信众在默纳舍统治的时代经历了五十多年的迫害。
Mga taong 630, binasag ng tinig ni Sofonias ang katahimikan pagkaraan ng pitumpung taong hindi naririnig ang salita ng Diyos. Mga taong 690 nang matapos ni Isaias ang kanyang misyon, at pagkatapos niyon, mahigit sa limampung taon ng pag-uusig sa ilalim ng paghahari ni Manases ang dinanas ng mga sumasampalatayang taga-Juda.
Sa mga tuig 630, ang tingog ni Sofonias mibuak sa kahilom, human sa 70 ka tuig nga wala madungog ang tingog sa Ginoo. Si Isaias mitapos sa iyang misyon sa tuig 690, ug human adto, ang mga matoohon sa Juda miagi sa kapin sa 50 ka tuig sa panglutos sa paghari ni Manases.
En el año 630, más o menos, la voz de Sofonías vino a romper el silencio después de sesenta años en que no se había oído la Palabra de Dios. Pues Isaías terminó su misión alrededor del año 690 y después los creyentes del país de Judá conocieron más de cincuenta años de persecución con el reinado de Manasés.
Sofonías habla para decir que la paciencia de Yavé no soporta más y que va a purificar a Jerusalén, destruyendo a su pueblo, que no confía en él.
Pero también Sofonías anuncia la voluntad de Yavé de formar un «pueblo de pobres» en medio de los cuales vivirá: Dios saltará de gozo y danzará con alegría por Jerusalén humilde y purificada.
“A particularly interesting development in the history of Christianity [related to translation] took place with respect to the Greek term monogenés, literally, ‘only, unique, one of kind.’ It was used of Isaac as the son of Abraham [see Gen. 22:2], though Isaac was not the only son of Abraham, for he had a son Ishmael, and with a later wife Keturah, several sons. But Isaac was the only son of a particular kind, that is to say, the unique son of the promise. The term monogenés was translated into the Latin Vulgate as unigenitus, meaning literally ‘only begotten’ [in English — or likewise traditionally in Mandarin Chinese: “dúshēng 獨 生,” Italian: “unigenito,” Spanish “unigénito,” or German: “eingeboren”] but in Greek the equivalent of ‘only begotten’ would have two n’s and not just one (monogennes). Nevertheless, the Latin misinterpretation of monogenés has constituted such a long tradition that any attempt to speak of Jesus as the ‘unique son of God’ rather than the ‘only begotten son’ is often announced as a case of blatant heresy.” (Source: Nida 1984, p. 114.)
In Waiwai, the Greek that is translated as “only begotten Son” in English in John 3:16 is translated as cewnan tumumururosa okwe, where the “particle okwe indicates dearness, and it must be included in Waiwai for the expression ‘only begotten Son’ to mean anything like what it means to God or to us as Christians.” (Source: Robert Hawkins (in The Bible Translator 1962, pp. 164ff. )
See also complete verse (John 3:16), firstborn and begotten you / become your father.
The now commonly-used English idiom “the blind lead the blind” (as in when an inexperienced person is guiding someone a person who is equally inexperienced) was first coined in 1526 in the English New Testament translation of William Tyndale (in the spelling the blynde leede the blynde). (Source: Crystal 2010, p. 285)
In Russian, this phrase (Если слепой ведет слепого — Yesli slepoy vedet slepogo) is also widely used as an idiom. The wording of the quote originated in the Russian Synodal Bible (publ. 1876). (Source: Reznikov 2020, p. 12)
For other idioms in English that were coined by Bible translation, see here.