Hades / Sheol

The Hebrew, Latin and Greek that is often translated in English as “Hades” or “Sheol” is translated in the German Luther Bible 2017 (and pre-1912) as Totenreich or “realm (or: kingdom) of the dead” in these verses. (Source: Jost Zetzsche)

Learn more on Bible Odyssey: Sheol .

lake of fire

The Greek that is typically translated int English as “lake of fire” is translated in Enga as “the place where big fire continually burns.”

Adam Boyd (on his blog) explains:

“The difficulty in Enga is that there is no traditional concept or imagery of a lake that is made out of fire. Lakes are made out of water, not fire. And there is not even really one word for lake. Instead Enga people literally say water depression. Now the word depression is not referring to an emotional state in which a person is feeling sad, but rather it means ‘a sunken place or hollow on a surface.’ In other words it refers to an area where there is an indentation in the ground. And when the word depression is preceded by the word water, it indicates that the indentation in the ground is filled with water.

“So, knowing that the Enga people say water depression to talk about a lake, I of course suggested that we should translate lake of fire by saying fire depression. In other words, a sunken place or indentation on the surface of the earth that is filled with fire instead of water. Well, as often happens when I think that I have made a brilliant suggestion, I was met with blank stares. In Papua New Guinean cultures, people will often not disagree with you directly, but they will show their disagreement by simply ignoring what you say. Not only that, but it can be difficult to articulate why something doesn’t sound quite right. The translators knew that fire depression didn’t sound right, but they might not have been able to articulate right away why that was the case. English speakers also have the same problem. For example, a typical English speaker would immediately be able to recognize that goed is not the past tense of go, but if they had to explain why, they would run into difficulty. (It is because the past tense went is actually from the verb wend as in wend your way through a crowd.) So just as English speakers know when something does not sound right but can’t always explain why, Enga speakers also encounter difficulties in explaining why something sounds wrong, especially since most Enga speakers have never had any formal training in their own language. Well as we continued pondering the best translation, I kept ignoring the nonverbal cues and pushing for fire depression as our answer. Finally, it dawned on our lead translator Maniosa why fire depression did not sound right. He said, ‘Do you know what a fire depression is? It is the little fire pit that we have in our homes that we cook over.’

“What I was hoping would mean lake of fire actually just meant fire pit. Big difference! So the terminology that I was suggesting would have people envisioning that the lake of fire, which is supposed to be an intimidating image of the ultimate end for untold numbers of those whose names are not written in the book of life, was nothing more than the little fire pit where people cook food in their homes. In fact, if more than one or two people were thrown into a lake of fire like that, they would probably smother the fire and put it out, which is not quite what Jesus had in mind when he talked about the ‘fire that is not quenched.’ So we had to abandon the idea of using the term fire depression and translate lake of fire as the place where big fire continually burns. The idea that this fire is burning in a depression or indentation in the ground had to be left out because that concept created the wrong image of a fire pit where one cooks food in the house. And fire pits are considered to be useful things that help people cook. They are not places of punishment.”

In Chol it is translated as “big fire.” (Source: John Beekman in Notes on Translation, March 1965, p. 2ff.)

complete verse (Revelation 20:14)

Following are a number of back-translations of Revelation 20:14:

  • Uma: “All the people whose names were not written in the Book of Life were thrown into the sea of fire. After that, there is no longer death, there is no longer a place of the dead, because all people whose names are not written in the Book of Life had been thrown into the sea of fire. That is what is called the second death, punishment in the sea of fire.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “Then death and the resting place of the dead were thrown into the sulphur fire large as a lake. This sulphur fire is called the second death.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And then all who came from the place of the dead, their bodies and souls were thrown in the flaming lake. (And that lake is the second death.)” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “After-that death and the former place of the dead in Hades were thrown-away into the wide pool which is the place of flaming fire. This is what is designated as the second death.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “After that, this death and the place of the dead were now thrown there in that lake of fire. These would not be met-up-with/seen any more, for they are now put-together in that lake of fire which is the second death.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “Now no longer will the people die, rather the punishment of the lake which boils with fire is where they will go, it is like a time of death.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)

Translation commentary on Revelation 20:14 – 20:15

Death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire: they suffer the same fate as that of the beast and the false prophet (19.20; 20.10).

This is the second death, the lake of fire: for comments on the second death, see 2.11; 20.6; for comments on the lake of fire, see 19.20. The expression “the first death” is not used; it is clear from the context in which the second death appears that it is the final, eternal death of the wicked, as opposed to the temporal death of all living beings. A translation may choose to say “final death” if this should prove easier to understand.

If any one’s name was not found written in the book of life, he: in many languages it is better to use the gender-inclusive plural form, “all those whose names were not written … were thrown,” or else the singular indefinite “anyone whose name was not found written … was thrown” (New Revised Standard Version).

Quoted with permission from Bratcher, Robert G. and Hatton, Howard A. A Handbook on The Revelation to John. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1993. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

SIL Translator’s Notes on Revelation 20:14

20:14a

Then Death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire: This clause symbolically indicates that Death and Hades will be destroyed so that they will no longer have any effect on people. After this time, no one will die and no one will go to Hades.

In some languages a literal translation would not have the correct meaning. If that is true in your language, you may want to:

Explain its meaning in your translation. For example:

death and Hades were ⌊destroyed by being⌋ thrown into the lake of fire
-or-
death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire ⌊and therefore became useless/powerless

Translate the meaning without the figure of speech. For example:

death and Hades were destroyed
-or-
death and Hades became useless/powerless

You may then want to indicate the literal words in a footnote. An example footnote is:

Literally: “death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire.” These words indicate that death and Hades will be destroyed. They will longer have any effect on people.

Explain its figurative meaning in a footnote. An example footnote is:

This saying refers figuratively to death and Hades being destroyed so that they no longer have any effect on people.

Death and Hades were thrown: This clause is passive. Some languages must use an active clause. For example:

God⌋ threw death and Hades
-or-

they/someone⌋ threw death and Hades
-or-

God commanded/caused someone to⌋ throw death and Hades

20:14b

This is the second death—the lake of fire:
The first death is when a person’s body dies on earth. The phrase the second death refers to being thrown into the lake of fire. Other ways to translate this clause are:

The lake of fire is what is called the second death
-or-
The lake of fire is the second time of dying

See how you translated the phrase second death in 20:6.

the second death: This phrase is emphasized in the Greek. If possible, emphasize this phrase.

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