Joshua

The Hebrew, Latin, and Greek that is transliterated as “Joshua” is translated in Swiss-German Sign Language with a sign that depicts a trumpet of rams’ horn, referring to Joshua 6:4 and following.


“Joshua” in Swiss-German Sign Language, source: DSGS-Lexikon biblischer Begriffe , © CGG Schweiz

For more information on translations of proper names with sign language see Sign Language Bible Translations Have Something to Say to Hearing Christians .

Learn more on Bible Odyssey: Joshua .

complete verse (Joshua 8:35)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Joshua 8:35:

  • Kupsabiny: “There was nothing in all those words which Moses had said that Joshua did not read to the people of Israel including women, children and foreigners who were with them.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
  • Newari: “Without leaving out even a single word of all the commands that Moses gave, Joshua read, causing women, sons, daughters, the foreigners living among them and whole assembly of Israel to hear.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “One-by-one Josue read the commands of Moises before/[lit. in front-of] the community/people of the Israelinhon, including the women, children, and those (who are) not Israelinhon who live with them.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • English: “All the Israelis gathered together to listen—the men, the women, and the children. The foreigners/people who were not Israelis who were living among them also listened, while Joshua read all the commands that Moses had written.” (Source: Translation for Translators)

Moses

The name that is transliterated as “Moses” in English means “taken out of the water,” “saved out of the water,” “a son.” (Source: Cornwall / Smith 1997 )

It is translated in Spanish Sign Language and Polish Sign Language with a sign in accordance with the depiction of Moses in the famous statue by Michelangelo (see here ). (Source: John Elwode in The Bible Translator 2008, p. 78ff. )


“Moses” in Spanish Sign Language, source: Sociedad Bíblica de España

American Sign Language also uses the sign depicting the horns but also has a number of alternative signs (see here ).

In French Sign Language, a similar sign is used, but it is interpreted as “radiance” (see below) and it culminates in a sign for “10,” signifying the 10 commandments:


“Moses” in French Sign Language (source )

The horns that are visible in Michelangelo’s statue are based on a passage in the Latin Vulgate translation (and many Catholic Bible translations that were translated through the 1950ies with that version as the source text). Jerome, the translator, had worked from a Hebrew text without the niqquds, the diacritical marks that signify the vowels in Hebrew and had interpreted the term קרו (k-r-n) in Exodus 34:29 as קֶ֫רֶן — keren “horned,” rather than קָרַו — karan “radiance” (describing the radiance of Moses’ head as he descends from Mount Sinai).

In Swiss-German Sign Language (and Hungarian Sign Language) it is translated with a sign depicting holding a staff. This refers to a number of times where Moses’s staff is used in the context of miracles, including the parting of the sea (see Exodus 14:16), striking of the rock for water (see Exodus 17:5 and following), or the battle with Amalek (see Exodus 17:9 and following).


“Moses” in Swiss-German Sign Language, source: DSGS-Lexikon biblischer Begriffe , © CGG Schweiz

In Vietnamese (Hanoi) Sign Language it is translated with the sign that depicts the eye make up he would have worn as the adopted son of an Egyptian princess. (Source: The Vietnamese Sign Language translation team, VSLBT)


“Moses” in Vietnamese Sign Language, source: SooSL

In Korean Sign Language it is translated with the sign that depicts the arms held up by Moses to assure the Israelites victory over the Amalekites (see Exodus 17:11).


“Moses” in Korean Sign Language, source: Korean Sign Language Bible House

In Estonian Sign Language Moses is depicted with a big beard. (Source: Liina Paales in Folklore 47, 2011, p. 43ff. )


“Moses” in Estonian Sign Language, source: Glossary of the EKNK Toompea kogudus

For more information on translations of proper names with sign language see Sign Language Bible Translations Have Something to Say to Hearing Christians .

Learn more on Bible Odyssey: Moses .

Translation commentary on Joshua 8:35

Every one of the commandments of Moses was read by Joshua may be simplified: “Joshua read every one of the commandments that Moses had written” or “Joshua read every word that Moses had written.” A negative form is permissible: “He did not leave out a word that Moses had said.”

The whole gathering translates the Hebrew “all the assembly of Israel” (Revised Standard Version). In the Septuagint the Hebrew noun “assembly” is translated by a noun which in the New Testament usually means “church.” The Hebrew word itself in the Old Testament is used of a formal coming together of the people of Israel for cultic purpose. Here the biblical writer emphasizes the participation of all the people by explicitly mentioning women and children, and the resident aliens as well. Was read by Joshua to the whole gathering may be stated quite differently: “The entire Israelite community heard it, including the women and children, and also the foreigners who lived with them.”

The clause which included women and children may seem redundant, but it reflects the organization of the ancient Israelite society in which women and children played a secondary role. Therefore in order to reflect the cultural situation, this clause should be maintained.

In translating the phrase among them, one should take care that the pronoun them is not taken to refer back to women and children; it refers, of course, to the whole gathering.

Quoted with permission from Bratcher, Robert G. and Newman, Barclay M. A Handbook on Joshua. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1983. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

SIL Translator’s Notes on Joshua 8:35

8:35a

There was not a word of all that Moses had commanded: The phrase not a word of all that Moses had commanded emphasizes again that Joshua read all Moses’ teaching for the Israelites. This information is given again in this verse to emphasize how important the reading of the law was.

8:35b

that Joshua failed to read before the whole assembly of Israel: In the previous verse, the information that Joshua read the entire law is stated in a positive manner. Now it is restated using a double negative for extra emphasis. In some languages a double negative may convey a wrong meaning. Use a natural means to emphasize that Joshua read the entire law to the Israelites. For example, the Good News Translation states 8:35a-b in a positive way:

Every one of the commandments of Moses was read by Joshua to the whole gathering (Good News Translation)

before the whole assembly of Israel: The phrase before the whole assembly of Israel indicates that Joshua read Moses’ teachings while all the Israelites stood and listened.

8:35c

including the women, the little ones: The phrase including the women, the little ones indicates that women and children were present and listened while Joshua read the law. Women and children were not present at every gathering. The author includes this information to show that the entire population of Israel listened while Joshua read aloud the law.

Here is another way to translate this phrase:

including the women and the children

and the foreigners who lived among them: The foreigners were foreigners who lived with the Israelites. They were not Israelites by birth.

General Comment on verse 8:35

It may be more natural in some languages to reorder the parts of this verse so that 8:35c is first, as in the New Century Version:

35b All the Israelites were gathered together–35c men, women and children, along with the non-Israelites who lived among them. 35a Joshua read every command that Moses had given. (New Century Version)

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