mind

The Greek that is typically translated as “mind” in English is translated in Warao as obojona, a term that “includes the concepts of consciousness, will, attitude, attention and a few other miscellaneous notions.” (Source: Henry Osborn in The Bible Translator 1969, p. 74ff. )

In Elhomwe it is often translated as “heart,” “because all thoughts come from heart in Elhomwe thought.” (Source: project-specific translation notes in Paratext)

See other occurrences of Obojona in the Warao New Testament.

debased mind

The Greek in Romans 1:28 that is translated as “debased mind” or similar in English is translated as “nothing but sin went to their hearts” in Tzeltal, as “think things that weren’t good” in Huehuetla Tepehua, as “do what their foolish minds wanted” in Isthmus Zapotec, and as “think evil in this strange way” in Central Tarahumara. (Source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.)

things that should not be done

The Greek in Romans 1:28 that is translated as “things that should not be done” or similar in English is translated as “weren’t embarrassed to do what is not good” in Tzeltal. (Source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.)

complete verse (Romans 1:28)

Following are a number of back-translations of Romans 1:28:

  • Uma: “Because they refused to admit/confess God in their thinking, that’s why God allowed their thinking to become ruined, with the result that they do what it is not fitting to do.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “Because they do not want to remember the true teaching about God so-then they are abandoned by him to think what is bad/evil. That’s why they do things which they should not do.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And since they say that it’s no longer worthwhile to believe in God, God turned His back on them and because of this, the thing which controls them is the wickedness which fills their thinking, and they do that which is not proper.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “Because of their counting/considering that their acknowledging God has no use/purpose, he has let-them -alone so they will do the evil that results from their minds that have become filthy which are not able-to-distinguish good and evil.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “The people, not wanting to know about God, therefore God separated from them. He gave them the road to do what evil settles in their hearts, that which is not proper that they do.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)

Translation commentary on Romans 1:28

This verse is the climax of man’s fall from God: they refuse to keep in mind the true knowledge about God. The verb translated refuse to keep in mind basically means to reject something that one has put to the test. There is evidently a play on words in Greek between the verb refuse to keep in mind and the adjective corrupted, but this is difficult to carry over in translation. In the present context corrupted refers to a mind that no longer functions as it should; this does not imply insanity, but rather the lack of ability to make moral and spiritual distinctions. Phillips renders this phrase as “degenerate minds” and the New English Bible as “depraved reason.”

Refuse to keep in mind may be rendered as “say, We will not think about” or “declare, We will not remember.” The true knowledge about God may be rendered as “what men may know is true about God.”

Has given them over to is not easily rendered in some languages. In fact, it must frequently be broken into two parts—for example, “he has let them go so that they will only think in bad ways” or “he has let them leave him, and now they only think in corrupted ways.”

The concept of corrupted minds must be rendered in some languages by an idiomatic expression—for example, “a mind that is hungry for dirty words,” “a mind that is completely twisted,” or “a mind which has only stinking thoughts.”

Quoted with permission from Newman, Barclay M. and Nida, Eugene A. A Handbook on Paul’s Letter to the Romans. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1973. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

SIL Translator’s Notes on Romans 1:28

Paragraph 1:28–32

1:28a–c

Furthermore: The word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as Furthermore is literally “and.” It indicates that Paul said more about the people he spoke about in 1:18–27.

since they did not see fit to acknowledge God, He gave them up to a depraved mind, to do what ought not to be done: Here the word since introduces the reason (they did not see fit to acknowledge God, 1:28a) for the result (He gave them…, 1:28b–c). It does not connect back to 1:27. In some languages using “therefore” at the end of 1:28a would indicate the right connection. For example:

28a they did not see fit to acknowledge God, therefore 28b God gave them up to a depraved mind to do what ought not to be done

1:28a

since: There are two ways to interpret the Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as since :

(1) It means as here. For example:

just as (New International Version (2011))

(New International Version (2011), New American Standard Bible, King James Version, NET Bible)

(2) It means since here. For example:

Because (Good News Translation)

(Berean Standard Bible, Revised Standard Version, Good News Translation, New Jerusalem Bible, New American Bible, Revised Edition, English Standard Version, New Living Translation (2004), God’s Word, Contemporary English Version, New Century Version)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1), because Paul used the Greek root word that means “proved” here and in 1:28b as a point of comparison.

they: Here the word they refers to the people of 1:18–27, not just the men. For example:

those people (Good News Translation)

did not see fit: The Greek words here are more literally “did not approve.” This phrase refers to thinking about whether something is good or bad and deciding it is bad. Here are other ways to translate this phrase:

refuse (Good News Translation)
-or-
decided it was worthless

to acknowledge God: Here this phrase refers to continuing to believe that God exists and is involved in their lives and requires something from them. Here are other ways to translate this phrase:

admit/confess God in their thinking
-or-
they recognize/consider that God exists

1:28b

He gave them up: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as gave…up refers to putting someone under the control of something or someone else. See how you translated the similar clauses in 1:24 or 1:26.

depraved: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as depraved refers to something that was tested and found worthless. It is similar to “did not see fit” in 1:28a. Here are other ways to translate this word:

debased (New International Version (2011))
-or-
corrupted (Good News Translation)

1:28c

what ought not to be done: This phrase refers to things that are not proper or fitting to be done. Here are other ways to translate this phrase:

improper conduct (Revised Standard Version)
-or-
things that should never be done (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
what it is not fitting to do

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Commentaire sur la traduction de la lettre aux Romains 1.28

1.28-32

Ces versets qui continuent l’argumentation de Paul et sa description de ceux qui rejettent Dieu forment une seule phrase en grec. Mais dans beaucoup de langues, il vaut mieux la couper en plusieurs phrases. Voir Bible en français courant et Parole de Vie. Toutefois, les traducteurs devraient veiller à ce que les relations logiques soient nettement établies entre les divers éléments du texte.

Rom 1.29 présentent une liste de péchés semblable à celle qui se trouve en Rom 13.13 dans cette lettre et ailleurs dans les épîtres de Paul (1 Cor 5.10-11 ; 6.9-10 ; 2 Cor 12.20,21 ; Gal 5.19-21, etc.). Les péchés énumérés ne représentent pas forcément des défauts distincts. Paul a souvent l’habitude d’aligner des synonymes pour souligner ses idées. Bien que les traducteurs doivent s’efforcer de trouver des équivalents pour les différents termes, il est évident que toutes les langues n’auront pas de mots pour chacun des mots grecs utilisés ici. De plus, dans certaines langues, il ne sera pas naturel de donner une telle liste de noms, et il faudra utiliser des tournures qui conviennent. Les traducteurs devront s’assurer que le texte est harmonieux et coule bien dans la langue cible.

Paul continue sa description de ceux qui rejettent Dieu.

Et comme ils n’ont pas jugé bon de garder la connaissance de Dieu est litt. « Et comme ils n’ont pas jugé bon d’avoir Dieu en (pleine) connaissance ». La conjonction καί kai « et/mais » débute la phrase, mais comme Paul vient de terminer une pensée en Rom 1.27, plusieurs versions (Nouvelle Bible Segond, Bible en français courant, Parole de Vie, La Bible du Semeur) omettent ce mot de transition. Celles-ci commencent par comme. ils renvoie aux gens dont il est question tout au long de cette section ( Rom 1.18).

juge bon : ces mots rendent un seul verbe en grec. Celui-ci apparaît assez fréquemment dans les lettres de Paul et les autres textes bibliques. En Luc 12.56, Jésus utilise ce terme quand il dit aux gens qu’ils savent reconnaître les signes de la nature. En 1 Cor 16.3, le mot prend le sens d’« examiner et approuver », mais dans la même lettre Paul utilise le verbe pour dire que le feu éprouvera les œuvres de chacun (1 Cor 3.13). Ici, le verbe semble avoir un sens assez neutre « examiner pour approuver », mais avec la négation, il signifie « refuser de trouver bon » quelque chose qui a été examiné. L’utilisation de ce verbe montre qu’il s’agit d’un choix délibéré et conscient. La Bible en français courant dit « Comme ils ont refusé… » et la Parole de Vie « Comme ils n’ont pas voulu reconnaître… »

de garder la connaissance de Dieu est litt. « avoir Dieu en (pleine) connaissance ». Paul utilise le mot grec ἐπίγνωσις epignôsis une quinzaine de fois dans ses lettres. En Col 1.9,10 il prie que Dieu amène les Colossiens à avoir une « pleine connaissance » de la vérité, une vraie connaissance de Dieu lui-même. Bien que plusieurs versions disent simplement « Comme ils ont refusé de connaître (ou reconnaître) Dieu », Bible de Jérusalem insiste sur l’idée en disant : « …comme ils n’ont pas jugé bon de garder la vraie connaissance de Dieu ». On pourrait aussi dire « de reconnaître qui Dieu est vraiment ».

Dieu les a livrés à leur intelligence sans jugement : pour les a livrés, voir Rom 1.24. À première vue, l’expression sans jugement semble ambiguë : elle peut signifier une absence de jugement de la part de Dieu ou une absence de discernement humain. Mais selon le grec, c’est la seconde interprétation qui prévaut. La Bible en français courant parle de « leur intelligence déréglée », et la La Bible du Semeur de « leur pensée faussée ». Leur capacité de réfléchir correctement est touchée. En fait, Paul présente un jeu de mots puisque l’adjectif grec rendu par sans jugement provient de la même racine que le verbe « juger bon », ἀδόκιμος adokimos, qui, selon Carrez et Morel (17), veut dire « non mis à l’essai, qui n’a pas fait ses preuves ; reconnu inapte ». Cet adjectif n’implique pas un état de folie, mais l’incapacité d’établir des distinctions correctes d’ordre moral ou spirituel. La Parole de Vie peut servir de modèle (« leur intelligence tordue ») ou peut-être dans certaines langues, on parlera de leur « esprit tordu ».

ainsi font-ils ce qu’ils ne devraient pas rend un texte grec court, litt. « faire les choses ne convenant pas ». L’expression vient d’un verbe qui veut dire « atteindre », et au sens figuré, « être convenable ». Faire l’opposé, c’est faire des choses qui ne conviennent pas, c’est faire « ce qu’on ne doit pas faire » (Parole de Vie).

Il est intéressant de noter qu’en plus du jeu de mots, le verset commence et se termine par des mots qui se ressemblent : καθώς kathôs « comme » et καθήκοντα kathêkonta « ce qui convient ». Il sera difficile d’imiter ces procédés stylistiques dans la traduction, mais les traducteurs devront savoir que souvent dans les textes bibliques, ces procédés mettent en relief l’idée exprimée.

Source: Margot, Jean-Claude & Zogbo, Lynell. La lettre aux Romains – Manuel de traduction – Commentaire linguistique et exégétique de la Bible. Alliance biblique universelle, 2021.