king

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Some languages do not have a concept of kingship and therefore no immediate equivalent for the Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Latin that is translated as “king” in English. Here are some (back-) translations:

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  • Piro: “a great one”
  • Highland Totonac: “the big boss”
  • Huichol: “the one who commanded” (source for this and above: Bratcher / Nida)
  • Ekari: “the one who holds the country” (source: Reiling / Swellengrebel)
  • Una: weik sienyi: “big headman” (source: Kroneman 2004, p. 407)
  • Pass Valley Yali: “Big Man” (source: Daud Soesilo)
  • Ninia Yali: “big brother with the uplifted name” (source: Daud Soesilio in Noss 2007, p. 175)
  • Nyamwezi: mutemi: generic word for ruler, by specifying the city or nation it becomes clear what kind of ruler (source: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
  • Ghomála’: Fo (“The word Fo refers to the paramount ruler in the kingdoms of West Cameroon. He holds administrative, political, and religious power over his own people, who are divided into two categories: princes (descendants of royalty) and servants (everyone else).” (Source: Michel Kenmogne in Theologizing in Context: An Example from the Study of a Ghomala’ Christian Hymn))

Faye Edgerton retells how the term in Navajo (Dinė) was determined:

“[This term was] easily expressed in the language of Biblical culture, which had kings and noblemen with their brilliant trappings and their position of honor and praise. But leadership among the Navajos is not accompanied by any such titles or distinctions of dress. Those most respected, especially in earlier days, were their headmen, who were the leaders in raids, and the shaman, who was able to serve the people by appealing for them to the gods, or by exorcising evil spirits. Neither of these made any outward show. Neither held his position by political intrigue or heredity. If the headman failed consistently in raids, he was superceded by a better warrior. If the shaman failed many times in his healing ceremonies, it was considered that he was making mistakes in the chants, or had lost favor with the gods, and another was sought. The term Navajos use for headman is derived from a verb meaning ‘to move the head from side to side as in making an oration.’ The headman must be a good orator, able to move the people to go to war, or to follow him in any important decision. This word is naat’áanii which now means ‘one who rules or bosses.’ It is employed now for a foreman or boss of any kind of labor, as well as for the chairman of the tribal council. So in order to show that the king is not just a common boss but the highest ruler, the word ‘aláahgo, which expresses the superlative degree, was put before naat’áanii, and so ‘aláahgo naat’áanii ‘anyone-more-than-being around-he-moves-his-head-the-one-who’ means ‘the highest ruler.’ Naat’áanii was used for governor as the context usually shows that the person was a ruler of a country or associated with kings.”

(Source: Faye Edgerton in The Bible Translator 1962, p. 25ff. )

See also king (Japanese honorifics).

Translation commentary on Micah 1:14

Revised Standard Version begins this verse with “Therefore,” but this does not really make sense here. Good News Translation begins with And now, which fits the context in English but does not really add anything to the meaning. This whole passage is simply a list of unrelated comments based on the names of different towns, and there is no need to treat this one differently by using some introductory expression here. Of course it may be that in many languages some sort of introductory word or phrase will be needed before each idea in these verses.

The subject of the verb in the first sentence is simply “you” in Hebrew, as in Revised Standard Version. Good News Translation makes it explicit that this refers to the people of Judah in general. If this is not done, the reader will be confused and will naturally refer the “you” to the people of Lachish in the previous verse.

Moresheth is Micah’s home village (see 1.1). Its name as given in this verse, Moresheth Gath, probably indicates that it was not far from the Philistine town of Gath, and thus was near the border of Judean territory. The pun here is probably again one of sense rather than sound. The name Moresheth is similar to the Hebrew word for fiancée. When a girl got married, she would be given a “dowry” (Jerusalem Bible), and this is probably what the “parting gifts” (Revised Standard Version) are intended to refer to. This is the meaning of the same word in 1 Kgs 9.16. Micah here sees a similarity between parents saying good-bye to a daughter when she marries, and the people of Judah saying good-bye to Moresheth. What Micah implies is that the town will fall into enemy hands and no longer be part of Judah. As this was Micah’s own hometown (verse 1), we can well imagine his sadness at having to deliver such a message as this.

If a translator wants to try to keep the picture used in this line, it is possible to say “give Moresheth Gath the gifts you give to people who are leaving you” or “give gifts to Moresheth Gath, as you would to a daughter who is leaving home to be married.” In many languages it will be better to follow Good News Translation and use a simple expression to show that you are taking leave of someone. In English this is say good-bye, but in other languages there may be a simple verb or other expression to describe the action, and there may be nothing “said” at all. It may be necessary in some languages to add the explanation for this picture and to say “because enemies are about to capture this town.”

In the second half of the verse the pun is very clear. The town name Achzib is almost identical with the Hebrew word ʾachzab, translated as “deceitful thing” by Revised Standard Version. In Jer 15.18 the word is used of a stream that dries up in summer and thus disappoints the thirsty traveler. Achzib is the town mentioned in Josh 15.44. Micah here seems to think of a situation in which the kings of Israel depended on the people of Achzib for some help but were “disappointed” (New English Bible) in their hopes. This cannot be linked with any known historical event.

This part of verse 14 is simply a statement, like verse 12, and is not spoken directly to anyone. If it matters to the translator, however, we can assume that in places like this the prophet is speaking to all the people of Judah.

The use of the plural kings may indicate that this was written during a period of coregency, that is, a period when the reigning king’s son was associated with him on the throne. Such periods of coregency were quite common in the eighth century in Judah. For instance, Hezekiah was coregent with his father Ahaz from 728 B.C. to 716 B.C.

However, if the plural kings will sound strange to the readers, a translator may translate a singular “king.” Indeed, a number of scholars believe that the Hebrew text should be changed at this point to say “king” in the singular.

Israel is a confusing name in the Bible, because sometimes it refers to the whole people of God; other times it refers to the northern kingdom of Israel, as distinguished from the southern kingdom of Judah; and at yet other times it refers to the southern kingdom. In this passage it seems to refer to Judah. In some languages it may be better to say simply “the kings of Judah.”

According to Good News Translation, the kings will get no help from this town. If it is necessary to state what kind of help, it is best to assume that the kings hoped that Achzib would supply some men to help them fight, but that since Achzib had been conquered by the enemy, it could not help in this way. The translation of Good News Translation loses the idea of “disappointment.” This can be easily added by saying something like “the kings of Israel will look to Achzib for help, but they will get none” or “the town of Achzib will not be able to help the kings of Israel, and so they will be disappointed.”

The town of Achzib is literally “the houses of Achzib” (Revised Standard Version), but it has the meaning given in Good News Translation.

Quoted with permission from Clark, David J. et al. A Handbook on Micah. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1978, 1982, 1993. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

SIL Translator’s Notes on Micah 1:14

1:14a

Therefore, send farewell gifts to Moresheth-gath: In this verse part, Micah talked about Moresheth-gath, another small town in Judah.

Therefore: There are two ways to interpret the connection of the word Therefore :

(1) What Micah said about Moresheth-gath is the result of what he said in the previous verse. For example:

And so (New Jerusalem Bible)

(2) What Micah said about Moresheth-gath is the next thing he said in his list of comments to cities in Judah.

And now (Good News Translation)

(Contemporary English Version, Good News Translation)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1) along with most English versions. The people in Jerusalem and Judah had begun to sin just like the northern kingdom. Therefore they must say good-bye to the people in Moresheth-gath. Here is another way to translate this connection:

That is why (God’s Word)

Translate this connection in a natural way in your language.

send farewell gifts to Moresheth-gath: Micah made a pun here. The name “Moresheth” sounds like the Hebrew word for fiancée. In the Jewish culture, parents gave their engaged daughter a special gift at the time she left their home to go live with her husband.

Micah’s pun means that an enemy army will capture the city of Moresheth-gath and take the people away as captives. The people are like a daughter that will soon leave home. The other people in Judah will soon no longer see them. It is not recommended that you make this pun explicit in the translation itself.

If you use footnotes in your translation, here are some sample footnotes:

1.14a Moresheth sounds like the Hebrew term for “gift” or “dowry.” (New Living Translation (2004) footnote)
-or-

1.14 farewell gift : The gift (dowry) that a bride’s father gave her when she left the home of her parents to live with the family of her husband. In Hebrew the word for “bride” or “fiancée” sounds like “Moresheth.” (Contemporary English Version footnote)

Here are some ways to translate 1:14a without a figure of speech:

And so, people of Judah, you will say good-bye to the town of Moresheth Gath. (based on Good News Translation)
-or-
So wave good-bye to the people of Moresheth-gath, ⌊for they must soon go away.⌋

If you prefer not to refer to the pun in a footnote, you may translate without a figure of speech (as in the two preceding examples), but supply a footnote that explains the reason the people will have to leave. For example:

Micah told the people of Judah to say good-bye to the people of Moresheth-gath, because an enemy army would capture that city and take the people away as captives.

send: It is not clear to whom this command is given. Here are the main interpretations:

(1) It is given to the people in Judah.

people of Judah, say good-bye to the town of Moresheth Gath (Good News Translation)

(Good News Translation)

(2) It is given to the people in Lachish (see 1:13a–c).

(3) It is given to the people in Jerusalem (“daughter of Zion,” see 1:13b).

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1) along with most commentaries. The Good News Translation explicitly follows this interpretation. Other versions leave the reference implicit (ambiguous). For many readers, an ambiguous command will incorrectly refer back to Israel or Lachish. So it is recommended that you translate in a way that refers clearly to Judah.

In Hebrew, this command is singular. Micah used Hebrew poetry here, so he spoke to the nation as if it were one person. You may use either singular or plural, depending on whether you refer here to the nation or the people of the nation.

Moresheth-gath: In 1:1a, Micah called the name of his home town Moresheth, but here he called it Moresheth-gath.

Some English versions spell the name of this town differently. For example:

Moresheth Gath (New International Version)

Moreshethgath (King James Version)

Moresheth in Gath (New Century Version)

You may want to use a spelling that fits the phonetic rules of your language or a spelling that is used in a language of wider communication in your country.

1:14b

the houses of Achzib will prove deceptive to the kings of Israel: Micah used a pun in this sentence. The name Achzib sounds like the Hebrew word for deceptive (achzab).

The kings of Israel hoped that the town of Achzib would be their ally. They hoped that the people in Achzib would send soldiers to help them fight the enemy. But the kings of Israel would soon feel deceived or disappointed, because Achzib would not send any help. Here are some other ways to translate this idea:

The kings of Israel will get no help from the town of Achzib. (Good News Translation)
-or-
Israel’s kings will discover that they cannot trust the town of Achzib. (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
The town of Achzib has deceived the kings of Israel, for it promised help it could not give. (New Living Translation (1996))
-or-
The kings in Israel trusted the Achzib people to help them. But they will send no help.

the houses of Achzib: This phrase is a poetic way to refer to the town of Achzib or to the people who live there. Here are some other ways to translate this phrase:

the town of Achzib (Good News Translation)
-or-
the residents of Achzib (NET Bible)
-or-
Beth-Achzib (New Jerusalem Bible)

kings of Israel: This phrase may refer to kings of the northern kingdom in contrast to kings of the southern kingdom of Judah. It may also refer to kings of Judah with the assumption that Judah is considered to be part of the kingdom of Israel as a whole. All English versions identify the country as Israel. It is recommended that you do the same thing. Here are some other ways to translate this phrase:

rulers/leaders of Israel
-or-
the person who sits on the throne in Israel

If you feel it will be helpful for your readers, it is suggested that you supply a footnote that gives some of this background material. For example:

The phrase “kings of Israel” might refer to a king or kings who ruled in Judah (Jerusalem). Sometimes Judah was considered to be part of the nation of Israel as a whole.

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