destroyer

The Hebrew and Greek that is translated in English typically as “destroyer” or similar is translated in the German Luther Bible 2017 as Verderber or “spoiler / corrupter.” (Source: Jost Zetzsche)

sackcloth

The Hebrew or Greek which are translated into English as “sackcloth” are rendered into Chamula Tzotzil as “sad-heart clothes.” (Source: Robert Bascom)

Pohnpeian and Chuukese translate it as “clothing-of sadness,” Eastern Highland Otomi uses “clothing that hurts,” Central Mazahua “that which is scratchy,” Tae’ and Zarma “rags” (Source: Reiling / Swellengrebel), and Tangale as “torn clothes that show contrition on the body” (source: Andy Warren-Rothlin). In the English translation by Goldingay (2018), “put on sackcloth” is translated as wrap on sack.

“In Turkana, a woman removes her normal everyday skin clothes and ornaments and wears rather poor skins during the time of mourning. The whole custom is known as ngiboro. It is very difficult to translate putting on sackcloth because even material like sacking is unfamiliar. The Haya, on the other hand, have a mourning cloth made out of the bark of a tree; and the use of this cloth is similar to the Jewish use of sackcloth. It was found that in both the Turkana and Ruhaya common language translations, their traditional mourning ceremonies were used.” (Source: Rachel Konyoro in The Bible Translator 1985, p. 221ff. )

Click or tap here to see a short video clip showing what a sackcloth looked like in biblical times (source: Bible Lands 2012)

See also mourning clothes and you have loosed my sackcloth.

mourn

The Hebrew, Latin, and Greek that is translated as “mourn” or similar in English is translated in Newari as “have one’s heart broken” or “have a bursting heart” (source: Newari Back Translation).

inclusive vs. exclusive pronoun (Jeremiah 6:26)

Many languages distinguish between inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns (“we”). (Click or tap here to see more details)

The inclusive “we” specifically includes the addressee (“you and I and possibly others”), while the exclusive “we” specifically excludes the addressee (“he/she/they and I, but not you”). This grammatical distinction is called “clusivity.” While Semitic languages such as Hebrew or most Indo-European languages such as Greek or English do not make that distinction, translators of languages with that distinction have to make a choice every time they encounter “we” or a form thereof (in English: “we,” “our,” or “us”).

For this verse, the Jarai and the Adamawa Fulfulde translation both use the inclusive pronoun, including everyone.

complete verse (Jeremiah 6:26)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Jeremiah 6:26:

  • Kupsabiny: “God is saying to his people,
    ‘Put on sacks
    and roll yourselves in ashes.
    Scream loudly and mourn/grieve
    like a person who mourns his/her only child,
    because the destroyer will suddenly come upon you to fight against you.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “Fellowmen, cloth yourself with sackcloth and roll in ashes to show your (plur.) mourning. You (plur.) mourn bitterly as-if your (plur.) only male child/(son) died. For suddenly the enemy will-attack us (incl.).” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • English: “So I say, ‘My dear people, put on sackcloth/rough clothes and sit in ashes to show that you are sorry for your sins.
    Mourn and cry very much,
    like a woman would cry if her only son had died,
    because your enemies are very near,
    and they are going to destroy everything.’” (Source: Translation for Translators)

Translation commentary on Jeremiah 6:26

Daughter of my people: See 4.11. Here translators can say something like “My dear people,” “My people,” or even, as one commentator has it, “My poor people.”

Gird on sackcloth: See 4.8.

The verb rendered roll in (so also Good News Translation, Die Bibel im heutigen Deutsch, New Jerusalem Bible, New International Version) may also mean “sprinkle” (Revised English Bible, Moffatt). Although the meaning of the verb is debated by some scholars, most give the meaning as reflected in Revised Standard Version. Compare its occurrences in 25.34; Ezek 27.30 (Revised Standard Version “wallow in”); Micah 1.10.

The Hebrew word translated ashes can also be “dust,” but it makes little difference in this context since either would convey the idea of deep mourning. That putting on sackcloth and rolling in ashes have to do with mourning is clear from the context in this verse, but for the first three lines some translators have found it better to say “My poor people, put on your coarse clothes and roll in the ashes, for you are in mourning. Mourn as you would for your only son.”

An only son is the proper interpretation of the Hebrew word, but it also carries the meaning of “dear” or “beloved.” An only son (or an oldest son) played a special role in the ancient Israelite culture; it was through him that the family line would continue, and he was the primary heir of his father’s possessions and position in the affairs of the family.

Mourning is intensified by most bitter lamentation. Good News Translation translates this “Mourn with bitter tears.”

It is important that the destroyer be identified as the enemy spoken of in verse 22: “Suddenly the enemy is here, and they will destroy everything!” or “For suddenly the enemy is here to destroy you.”

Quoted with permission from Newman, Barclay M. and Stine, Philip C. A Handbook on Jeremiah. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 2003. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .