Paul

The term that is transliterated as “Paul” in English is translated in American Sign Language with a sign that signifies the many letters he wrote. (Source: Ruth Anna Spooner, Ron Lawer)


“Paul” in American Sign Language, source: Deaf Harbor

In Spanish Sign Language it is translated with a sign depicting putting away a sword, referring to his conversion from a persecutor of Christians to a Christian leader. (Source: Steve Parkhurst)


“Paul (and Saul)” in Spanish Sign Language, source: Sociedad Bíblica de España

Click or tap here to see a short video clip about Paul (source: Bible Lands 2012)

For more information on translations of proper names with sign language see Sign Language Bible Translations Have Something to Say to Hearing Christians .

Following is a Georgian Orthodox icon of Paul the Apostle from the 14th century (located in the Art Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi).

Orthodox Icons are not drawings or creations of imagination. They are in fact writings of things not of this world. Icons can represent our Lord Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the Saints. They can also represent the Holy Trinity, Angels, the Heavenly hosts, and even events. Orthodox icons, unlike Western pictures, change the perspective and form of the image so that it is not naturalistic. This is done so that we can look beyond appearances of the world, and instead look to the spiritual truth of the holy person or event. (Source )

The following is a contemporary stained glass window from the Messiah Episcopal Church in St. Paul, Minnesota by Peter Dohmen. Individual glass pieces were made in Germany in accordance with Dohmen’s design, using a technique first developed by Irish monks in the 9th and 10th centuries.

Source for the image and description below: The Stained Glass Windows of Messiah Episcopal Church

“This window is dedicated to St. Paul, the great apostle and missionary, for whom our city is named. At the top of the window is a ship which symbolizes the many missionary journeys of Paul — the Church is our ship, which carries us over the way of life. In the lower section we see Paul on the road to Damascus when he saw a great light and heard our Lord’s voice, which called him to discipleship.”

Stained glass is not just highly decorative, it’s a medium which has been used to express important religious messages for centuries. Literacy was not widespread in the medieval and Renaissance periods and the Church used stained glass and other artworks to teach the central beliefs of Christianity. In Gothic churches, the windows were filled with extensive narrative scenes in stained glass — like huge and colorful picture storybooks — in which worshipers could ‘read’ the stories of Christ and the saints and learn what was required for their religious salvation. (Source: Victoria and Albert Museum )

Learn more on Bible Odyssey: Paul .

inclusive vs. exclusive pronoun (Acts 27:3)

Many languages distinguish between inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns (“we”). (Click or tap here to see more details)

The inclusive “we” specifically includes the addressee (“you and I and possibly others”), while the exclusive “we” specifically excludes the addressee (“he/she/they and I, but not you”). This grammatical distinction is called “clusivity.” While Semitic languages such as Hebrew or most Indo-European languages such as Greek or English do not make that distinction, translators of languages with that distinction have to make a choice every time they encounter “we” or a form thereof (in English: “we,” “our,” or “us”).

For this verse, translators typically select the exclusive form (excluding the addressee).

Source: Velma Pickett and Florence Cowan in Notes on Translation January 1962, p. 1ff.

complete verse (Acts 27:3)

Following are a number of back-translations of Acts 27:3:

  • Uma: “The next day, we stopped at the town of Sidon. Yulius was very good to Paulus. He gave him the opportunity to go to shore to visit his friends in the town, so that they could give him whatever he needed.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “The next day we (excl.) arrived there in Sidon. Juliyus’ respect/behavior towards Paul was good. He allowed Paul to go and visit his friends in that place Sidon in order that they could help him whatever his need was.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “The next day we landed in Sidon and as for Julius, he was kind to Paul and allowed him to visit his friends there so that they might give him what he needed.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “The next day, we (excl.) stopped-by at Sidon, and Captain Julius had-mercy on Pablo by permitting him to go to the house of his friends so that they could give-him what he needed.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “On the second day of our voyage, we docked at Sidon. After we docked there, Julio was kind (lit. showed a good mind/inner-being) to Pablo for he permitted him to go ashore to his friends so that he would see/meet them and, whatever their help, he could be helped with the things he was lacking.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)

Translation commentary on Acts 27:3

The noun what he needed appears only here in the New Testament; its verb form appears in Luke 10.34 and 35 in the sense of “take care of.” To be given what he needed may be translated as “so that his friends could give him what he needed.”

Quoted with permission from Newman, Barclay M. and Nida, Eugene A. A Handbook on The Acts of the Apostles. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1972. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .