Peter - rock

The word pun that Jesus makes in Matthew 16:18 in Greek (using similar words for “Peter” and “rock”: πετρος and πετρα) is lost in most languages (such as in English) but is naturally preserved in some languages, such as French (Pierre and pierre), Portuguese (Pedro and pedra), Italian (Pietro and pietra), Latin (Petrus and petram), Corsican (Petru and petra), Friulian (Pièri and pière), Occitan (Pèire and pèiro), Sicilian (Petru and petra), Modern Greek (Πέτρος and πέτρα), and — to a lesser degree — in Spanish (Pedro and piedra) and in Romanian (Petru and piatră).

Despite the similarity between the words in those languages, readers might not automatically catch the word play, as Carlo Buzzetti (in The Bible Translator 1983, p. 308ff. ) explains for Italian (click here to read more)

“In many languages it is not possible to repeat the same word, because the equivalent of Petros has become a personal name, while the equivalent of petra is a common noun, the gender of which may be different from that of the equivalent of Petros. The Italian linguistic situation seems at first sight to be very similar to the Greek: to translate Petros—petra we can use Pietro—pietra. But unfortunately this conveys a different meaning to the average Italian reader: first, because Pietro is now not a new nickname, but a common traditional personal name; and second, because pietra is a feminine noun similar in form to Pietro, but carrying no suggestion that the two have the same meaning. Indeed, Pietro, like ‘Peter’ and most personal names, carries no meaning at all for the average reader or speaker.

“The common language translators felt that it was possible to make the identification between Petros and petra explicit, and at the same time exploit the similarity between the two words. We thus translated: tu sei Pietro e su di te, come su una pietra, io costruirò la mia comunità [in the original Common Language Version: Chiesa] (‘you are Peter and on you, as on a rock, I will build my community [originally: ‘Church’]. Our te (‘you’) connected Pietro and pietra. while our come (‘as’) expressed the fact that the connection was based on an image. In this way we suggested the meaning of Pietro.”

Like the Peshitta translation in Syriac Aramaic (Classical Syriac) with the term ܟܹܐܦܵܐ (kēpā), the Neo-Aramaic languages of Assyrian and Chaldean use terms for both “Peter” and “rock” (and “Cephas”) that are identical (ܟܹܐܦܵܐ and كِيپَا, both pronounced kēpā) so the word pun is preserved in those translations as well. (Source: Ken Bunge)

In the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999), the meaning of the pun is somewhat recreated by its translation of Petrus, Felsenmann or “Peter, rock man.”

See also Cephas and this lectionary in The Christian Century .

Who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?

The Greek that is translated as “Who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?” or similar in English is translated in Huixtán Tzotzil as “You mistakenly think that if you receive baptism God will not punish you, you mistakenly think.” Huixtán Tzotzil frequently uses the verb -cuy to express “to mistakenly think something” from the point of view of the speaker. (Source: Marion M. Cowan in Notes on Translation 20/1966, pp. 6ff.)

In the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) it is translated as Niemand kann euch einen Schleichweg sagen, auf dem ihr Gottes Zorn entkommen könnt or “No one can point you to a secret path to escape God’s wrath.”

started across the sea to Capernaum

The Greek in John 6:17 that is translated as “started across the sea to Capernaum” or similar in English is translated in the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) as nahmen Kurs auf Kapernaum or “set course to Capernaum,” using nautical terms.

perceived in his spirit / sighed deeply in his spirit

The Greek that is translated as “perceived in his spirit” and “sighed deeply in his spirit” in English is translated in the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) as las Gedanken, dank des Heiligen Geistes, der ihm gegegeben war (Mark 2:8) or “read (their) thoughts because he had been given the Holy Spirit” and seufzte, weil dies den Heiligen Geist in ihm betrübte or “sighed because it saddened the Holy Spirit within him” (Mark 8:12).

furnished

The Greek in Mark 14:15 that is translated as “furnished” or similar in English is translated in the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) with mit Liegepolstern ausgestattet or “equipped with reclining cushions.”

the swineherds saw what had happened

The Greek in Luke 8:34 that is translated as “the swineherds saw what had happened” or similar in English is translated in the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) with die Schweinhirte mussten alles mitansehen or “the swineherds had to watch it all.”

give a tenth of all my income

The Greek in Luke 18:12 that is translated as “give a tenth of all my income” or similar in English is translated in the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) with zehn Prozent Einkommenssteuer an den Tempel or “ten percent income tax paid to the temple.”