tongue clings to the roof of mouth

In Gbaya, the notion of the clinging of a tongue to the roof of one’s mouth is emphasized in Psalm 137:6 with ɓak-ɓak, an ideophone that means to be tied or held very tightly.

Ideophones are a class of sound symbolic words expressing human sensation that are used as literary devices in many African languages. (Source: Philip Noss)

See also skin shriveled on bones.

joy

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The Greek, Latin, Ge’ez, and Hebrew that is translated with “joy” or “gladness” in English is translated with various strategies:

  • Baoulé: “a song in the stomach” (see also peace (inner peace))
  • Bambara: “the spirit is made sweet”
  • Kpelle: “sweet heart”
  • Tzeltal: “the good taste of one’s heart”
  • Uduk: “good to the stomach”
  • Mískito: “the liver is wide open” (“happily letting the pleasures flooding in upon it”) (source for this and above: Nida 1952)
  • Mairasi: “good liver” (source: Enggavoter 2004)
  • Noongar: koort-kwabba-djil or “heart very good” (source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang)
  • Chicahuaxtla Triqui: “refreshed heart” (source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.).

See also Seat of the Mind for traditional views of “ways of knowing, thinking, and feeling,” happiness / joy, and exceeding joy.

Jerusalem

The name that is transliterated as “Jerusalem” in English is signed in French Sign Language with a sign that depicts worshiping at the Western Wall in Jerusalem:


“Jerusalem” in French Sign Language (source: La Bible en langue des signes française )

While a similar sign is also used in British Sign Language, another, more neutral sign that combines the sign “J” and the signs for “place” is used as well. (Source: Anna Smith)


“Jerusalem” in British Sign Language (source: Christian BSL, used with permission)

Learn more on Bible Odyssey: Jerusalem .

complete verse (Psalm 137:6)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Psalm 137:6:

  • Chichewa Contempary Chichewa translation, 2002/2016:
    “Let my tongue stick to the gums of my mouth
    if I do not remember you Jerusalem,
    if I do not consider you
    my great joy.” (Source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)
  • Newari:
    “If I do not remembered you,
    if I do not consider Jerusalem
    my most important joy,
    Let my tongue cling to the roof of my mouth.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon:
    “May-it-be that I can- not -speak if I not remember and consider- Jerusalem -(to be) my great joy.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • Laarim:
    “My tongue should be stuck to the roof of my mouth,
    if I do not remember you,
    if I do not put Jerusalem
    to be my great happiness.” (Source: Laarim Back Translation)
  • Nyakyusa-Ngonde (back-translation into Swahili):
    “Ulimi wangu ung’ang’anie kaakaa la kinywa changu,
    iwapo sikukumbuki wewe, ee Yerusalemu,
    iwapo sikuweki juu,
    kuzidi furaha yangu kubwa sana.” (Source: Nyakyusa Back Translation)
  • English:
    “Do not allow me to sing again,
    if I forget about Jerusalem,
    if I do not consider that Jerusalem causes me to be more joyful than anything else does.” (Source: Translation for Translators)

Translation commentary on Psalm 137:5 - 137:6

There is a play on words in the Hebrew text of verse 5; the same verb is used in both lines. In line a Revised Standard Version has If I forget, and wither in line b; it is contended by many that the verb has both meanings (see Anderson, Dahood; so Revised Standard Version, New Jerusalem Bible). It seems no longer necessary, as New Jerusalem Bible does, to change the Hebrew in line b to another verb. King James Version “forget her cunning” in line b is from the Great Bible of 1540. New International Version follows King James Version‘s lead by translating “If I forget … may my right hand forget its skill.” The Septuagint has the verb in the passive, “let my right hand be forgotten,” which requires only a change of vowels in the Hebrew text (so New American Bible). Good News Translation takes the language to mean “May I never be able to play the harp again.”

In verse 6 Good News Translation “May I never be able to sing again” (literally “May my tongue stick to the roof of my mouth”) parallels verse 5b. Both verses 5 and 6 represent a curse the psalmist calls upon himself, a punishment he prays be sent upon him by God: total or partial paralysis, in which he would lose control of his hands and tongue.

The last clause in verse 6 is literally “if I do not place Jerusalem above the top of my joy” (Revised Standard Version if I do not set Jerusalem above my highest joy). The meaning is either to place Jerusalem’s happiness, prosperity, joy, above that of the psalmist, or else to consider Jerusalem the source of the psalmist’s greatest happiness. The latter seems more probable.

The structure of this kind of curse upon oneself must often be recast. This may require adjusting verses 5 and 6 so that the conditions for the curse are stated first, and introducing God as the operator of the curse; for example, “If I forget you, Jerusalem, if I do not think of you as my greatest joy, may God prevent me from playing the harp or singing again.” This kind of polite language will be stylistically inappropriate for a curse formula in many languages where one must follow the Hebrew formulation as seen in Revised Standard Version.

Quoted with permission from Bratcher, Robert G. and Reyburn, William D. A Handbook on the Book of Psalms. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1991. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .