2nd person singular pronoun in Psalms in Garifuna

In Garifuna the second person singular pronoun (“you” in English) has two forms. One is used in women’s speech and one in men’s speech. In the Garifuna Bible the form used in men’s speech is typically used, except when it’s clear that a woman is quoted or in Psalms where the women on the translation team insisted that the form used in women’s speech (buguya) would be used throughout the whole book.

Ronald Ross (in Omanson 2001, p. 375f.) tells the story: “Throughout most of the translation, [the distinctions between the different forms of the pronouns] presented no problem. Whenever the speaker in the text was perceived as a man, the male speech forms were used; and when a woman was speaking, the female speech forms were used. True, the women members of the translation team did object on occasion to the use of the male forms when the author (and narrator) of a book was unknown and the men translators had used the male speech forms as the default. Serious discord arose, however, during the translation of the Psalms because of their highly devotional nature and because throughout the book the psalmist is addressing God. The male translators had, predictably, used the male form to address God, and the male form to refer to the psalmist, even though women speakers of Garifuna never use those forms to address anyone. The women contended that they could not as women read the Psalms meaningfully if God and the psalmist were always addressed as if the readers were men. The men, of course, turned the argument around, claiming that neither could they read the Psalms comfortably if the reader was assumed to be a woman.

“Initially there seemed to be no way out of this impasse. However a solution was found in the ongoing evolution of the language. There is a strong propensity for male speech and female speech to merge in favor of the latter, so the few remaining male forms are gradually dying out. Moreover, male children learn female speech from their mothers and only shift to the male speech forms when they reach adolescence to avoid sounding effeminate. However they use the female form buguya when addressing their parents throughout life. So the women wielded two arguments: First, the general development of the language favored the increasing use of the female forms. Secondly, the female forms are less strange to the men than the male forms are to the women, because the men habitually use them during early childhood and continue to use them to address their parents even in adulthood. Therefore, the female pronominal forms prevailed and were adopted throughout the book of Psalms, though the male forms remained the default forms in the rest of the translation.”

See also female first person singular pronoun in Psalms and addressing God.

complete verse (Psalm 137:8)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Psalm 137:8:

  • Chichewa Contempary Chichewa translation, 2002/2016:
    “You female child of Babylon, deserving to be destroyed,
    blessed is the one who will repay you
    for what you have done to us.” (Source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)
  • Newari:
    “O Babylon, which is to be destroyed,
    Blessed is the one who takes revenge on you
    for what you did to us.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon:
    “You (plur.) the residents of Babilonia, you (plur.) will-be-destroyed!
    Blessed (are) the people/men who will-destroy you (plur.) the same as you (plur.) have-done to us (excl.).” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • Laarim:
    “People of Babylon, you will be destroyed,
    the person be blessed who pays you (plur.),
    because of the matter that you did to us,” (Source: Laarim Back Translation)
  • Nyakyusa-Ngonde (back-translation into Swahili):
    “Ee Babeli, utaangamizwa,
    wamebarikiwa ambao wanawapatiliza ambayo mlitutendea sisi!” (Source: Nyakyusa Back Translation)
  • English:
    “And you people of Babylon, you will certainly be destroyed!
    Those who punish you in return for what you did to us will be happy;” (Source: Translation for Translators)

inclusive vs. exclusive pronoun (Ps 137:8)

Many languages distinguish between inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns (“we”). (Click or tap here to see more details)

The inclusive “we” specifically includes the addressee (“you and I and possibly others”), while the exclusive “we” specifically excludes the addressee (“he/she/they and I, but not you”). This grammatical distinction is called “clusivity.” While Semitic languages such as Hebrew or most Indo-European languages such as Greek or English do not make that distinction, translators of languages with that distinction have to make a choice every time they encounter “we” or a form thereof (in English: “we,” “our,” or “us”).

For this verse, the Jarai and the Adamawa Fulfulde translations both use the exclusive pronoun.

2nd person pronoun with low register (Japanese)

Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.

Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between. One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a second person pronoun (“you” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. The most commonly used anata (あなた) is typically used when the speaker is humbly addressing another person.

In these verses, however, omae (おまえ) is used, a cruder second person pronoun, that Jesus for instance chooses when chiding his disciples. (Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

See also first person pronoun with low register and third person pronoun with low register.

Translation commentary on Psalm 137:8 - 137:9

In these verses the psalmist wishes a curse on Babylon, called here either “Daughter Babylon” (Dahood) or daughter of Babylon (Revised Standard Version); New Jerusalem Bible has “Fair Babylon” (see the same idiom discussed in 9.14; 45.12). Daughter of Babylon can refer to the people of Babylon, and in many languages it will have to be translated in that manner. On the basis of a possible allusion of the rock to Petra, the capital of Edom, some take daughter of Babylon to refer to Edom (see footnote “g” to verse 9 in Traduction œcuménique de la Bible). This does not seem very likely.

After Babylon the Hebrew has the passive form of the verb “to destroy”; so Good News Translation “you will be destroyed” (also Biblia Dios Habla Hoy, Bible en français courant, Bible de Jérusalem; similarly Traduction œcuménique de la Bible “destined to destruction”; and New Jerusalem Bible “doomed to destruction”). Some of the ancient versions read the active form “destroyer” (so Revised Standard Version, New Jerusalem Bible, New English Bible, New American Bible, Dahood, Weiser). Either sense is appropriate; as Anderson says, however, the active form seems more appropriate. Hebrew Old Testament Text Project prefers the passive form of the Hebrew text: “you who are to be devastated.”

Line b is an example of the law that required that the punishment fit the crime, the lex talionis, a “tit for tat” (see Lev 24.19-20). Good News Translation would have done better by translating “Happy is the one who does to you what you did to us.” For Happy see the comments on “Blessed” in 1.1. A possible translation here is “He will do well who….”

The gruesome “blessing” (curse) pronounced in verse 9 is to be understood in its context; it was not uncommon for victorious armies to kill the children–especially the male children–of their conquered enemies (see 2 Kgs 8.12; Isa 13.16; Hos 13.16; Nah 3.10). Good News Translation has connected verse 9 with verse 8, to form one sentence; it is better to make verse 9 a complete and separate sentence, another “blessing.” Verse 9 contains two wishes for vengeance. These are the same as curses, but their result is intended to bring happiness to the avenger. In some languages it will be necessary to appeal to God as the one who will provide the reward of happiness; for example, “Let God make the person happy who does to you the bad things you did to us. Let God make the person happy who takes your babies and smashes them against a rock.”

Quoted with permission from Bratcher, Robert G. and Reyburn, William D. A Handbook on the Book of Psalms. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1991. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .