The Greek in Matthew 28:18 that is translated as “all authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me” in English is translated in Gun as “It is all power that God gives me in Heaven and on earth.” Since the Gun language does not have a passive voice the translators had to choose an agent — in this case God. (Source: Emmanuel K. Kogon in The Bible Translator 2017, p. 238ff. )
Language-specific Insights
the law indeed was given through Moses
The Greek in John 1:17 that is translated as “the law indeed was given through Moses” or similar in English is translated in Gun as “it is through Moses that God gave us law.” Since the Gun language does not have a passive voice the translators had to choose an agent — in this case God. (Source: Emmanuel K. Kogon in The Bible Translator 2017, p. 238ff. )
your sins are forgiven
The Greek that is translated as “your sins are forgiven” in English” are translated in Lengo as “I forgive your sins.”
Paul Unger (see here ) explains:
“In many languages, ‘demoting the subject’ is a key function of the passive. But the Lengo language of the Solomon Islands has no passive option. All sentences are active, which means we can’t hide ‘whodunnit’ with a passive.
“This raises significant issues for translating the New Testament (…) [since] 3,588 of the Greek New Testament’s 28,114 verbs are passive.
“What is a Lengo translator to do? Sometimes the subject isn’t demoted, so we can simply switch subject and object to make an active sentence. In Mark 1:9, ‘Jesus was baptized by John’ becomes ‘John baptized Jesus.’ Sometimes we can add a generic third-person subject. Mark 1:14 changes from ‘after John had been arrested’ to ‘after they had arrested John.’
“But those strategies don’t always work. Take, for example, the healing of the paralyzed man. Rather than healing the man at the outset, Jesus, seeing the faith of his friends, said to the paralyzed man, ‘My child, your sins are forgiven.’
“By using a passive to demote the subject, Jesus set up a scene rich with meaning beyond a ‘mere’ healing. Jesus doesn’t say who forgave the man’s sins, just that it was accomplished. The teachers of the law picked up on the passive right away: ‘Why does this man speak that way? Who can forgive sins but God alone?’ Jesus then tips His hand by asking which was easier—to say, ‘Your sins are forgiven,’ or ‘Get up, pick up your mat, and walk?’ And then the punchline: ‘So that you may know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins . . . get up, pick up your mat, and go home.’
“We thought hard about how to render this section in Lengo. In the end, we had Jesus say, ‘My child, I forgive your sins.’ It’s somewhat unsatisfying to have Jesus tip His hand before the crucial moment, but it is an accurate and clear translation. Sometimes, the language compels us to make tradeoffs in attaining those hard goals.”
In Gun it is similarly translated as “I leave (forgive) your sins to you.” Since the Gun language also does not have a passive voice the translators had to choose an agent as well. “In this verse, the verb is ἀφίενταί (aphientai), 3 pl. indicative present passive, with no explicit agent; it is translated as ‘are forgiven.’ The sentence is transformed in Gun with the introduction of the pronoun Nyɛ (I), which represents Jesus as the implicit agent. The discussion that follows, where the scribes felt Jesus was usurping the right of God and actually forgiving sins, reinforces the argument that Jesus is the agent. If it were God, Jesus might not be criticized the way he was in that passage. However, in contrast to the Gun translation, in [the closely related languages of] Aja, Fon, and Gen, an impersonal pronoun is used as the agent.” (Source: Emmanuel K. Kogon in The Bible Translator 2017, p. 238ff. )
which was given to you
The Greek in 1 Timothy 4:14 that is translated as “which was given to you” in English is translated in Gun as “which God gave to you.” Since the Gun language does not have a passive voice the translators had to choose an agent — in this case God. (Source: Emmanuel K. Kogon in The Bible Translator 2017, p. 238ff. )
what you are to say will be given to you at that time
The Greek in Matthew 10:19 that is translated as “what you are to say will be given to you at that time” in English is translated in Gun as “what you will say, the Holy Spirit will give you.” Since the Gun language does not have a passive voice the translators had to choose an agent. “In Gun, Gbigbɔ Wíwé (Holy Spirit) is introduced as the agent, the one who will give to the disciples what they will say in that hour. In the Bible, the Holy Spirit is the one who endows people with force, courage, enlightenment (e.g., John 14.26; Acts 1.8; 9.31). Based on this argument and on the context, translators chose the Holy Spirit as the agent. However, in the Aja translation, God is the agent, while in Fon and Gen the impersonal pronoun is used [Aja, Fon, and Gen are closely related language].” (Source: Emmanuel K. Kogon in The Bible Translator 2017, p. 238ff. )
this grace was given to me
The Greek in Ephesians 3:8 that is translated as “this grace was given to me” in English is translated in Gun as “God gave me this grace.” Since the Gun language does not have a passive voice the translators had to choose an agent — in this case God. (Source: Emmanuel K. Kogon in The Bible Translator 2017, p. 238ff. )
complete verse (Matthew 10:30)
Following are a number of back-translations of Matthew 10:30:
- Uma: “Yet God’s care for you surpasses [that]. He knows you so well, even the number of your hairs God counts and knows all.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
- Yakan: “Na, more so you, God will not forget you. Even of your hair he knows as to how many there are.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
- Western Bukidnon Manobo: “But as for you, his care for you is far greater, because even the hairs of your head, he has counted them already.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
- Kankanaey: “Especially-more you people! Because even your hairs, he knows their number.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
- Tagbanwa: “But he values you much more. The truth is, even your hair, he has all of it counted.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
- Tenango Otomi: “Very much does God care for you. Even your hairs are counted one by one.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)
- Gun: “Concerning you, it is the counting of all the hair that is on your head that God knows.” (Gun does not use the passive voice so an agent had to be chosen) (Source: Emmanuel K. Kogon in The Bible Translator 2017, p. 238ff. )
