Canaan

The term that is transliterated as “Canaan” in English is translated in American Sign Language with the sign loosely referencing the act of hiding/covering one’s face in shame. The association of “shame” with the name “Canaan” comes from Genesis 9, specifically verse 9:25. This sign was adapted from a similar sign in Kenyan Sign Language (see here). (Source: Ruth Anna Spooner, Ron Lawer)


“Canaan” in American Sign Language, source: Deaf Harbor

Click or tap here to see a short video clip about Canaan in biblical times (source: Bible Lands 2012)

Judah, Judea

The name that is transliterated as “Judah” or “Judea” in English (referring to the son of Jacob, the tribe, and the territory) is translated in Spanish Sign Language as “lion” (referring to Genesis 49:9 and Revelation 5:5). This sign for lion is reserved for regions and kingdoms. (Source: John Elwode in The Bible Translator 2008, p. 78ff. and Steve Parkhurst)


“Judah” and “Judea” in Spanish Sign Language, source: Sociedad Bíblica de España

For more information on translations of proper names with sign language see Sign Language Bible Translations Have Something to Say to Hearing Christians .

See also Judah, Judah (son of Jacob) , and Tribe of Judah .

Translation commentary on Susanna 1:56

If integrated into the book of Daniel: 13.56.

Then he put him aside, and commanded them to bring the other: In Revised Standard Version Daniel is the one who puts aside the first judge and commands the other one to be brought. In Good News Translation this point is not made. The two judges become subjects of passive verbs; one is “led away” and the other is “brought.” This has the virtue of avoiding what in English is a real problem: finding a good verb for put him aside. Even “putting him to one side” as in New Revised Standard Version and New American Bible sounds like Daniel is moving a chess piece or some small object. Moore’s “set him aside” is even worse. New Jerusalem Bible “dismissed the man” sounds like Daniel is through with the man and he can go home. New English Bible at least recognizes the problem by saying “told him to stand aside.” The problem with this rendering is that it leaves the first witness on the scene for the interrogation of the second one, which the author probably does not intend. The use of passive verbs in Good News Translation does not distort the meaning and is a good way out of an annoying problem. Translators who cannot use passive verbs or who do not wish to do so may be fortunate enough to find appropriate verbs in their language. These translators are cautioned that they may need to identify them; that is, the people who are commanded to bring in the second man. An alternative model is “Daniel ordered the people to lead the first man away from the group of elders and bring over the second one to him.”

You offspring of Canaan and not of Judah is literally “Seed of Canaan and not of Judah.” See Gen 9.25-27. One thing is perfectly obvious here: Daniel is throwing a fierce insult at the elder. From our remote perspective, however, it is not clear just what made this phrase so insulting. The Canaanites were traditional Jewish enemies, of course, but by the time Susanna is written, they had pretty well vanished into history. Contemporary English Version‘s translation, “You’re not a Jew; you’re a filthy Canaanite!” would probably convey to most readers the proper attitude of contempt, and it is probably close to what Daniel is saying.

Beauty has deceived you and lust has perverted your heart: Good News Translation interprets this to mean that Susanna’s beauty has deceived them, but more likely Daniel is saying that their downfall has come because of their lust for women in general. The next verse seems to say that the men thought of Susanna as one more sexual conquest. “Warped your judgment” (Good News Translation) is a good equivalent to deceived you. Perhaps an approach like this would work: “You’re not thinking straight. Your judgment has been corrupted by your lust for beautiful women.”

Quoted with permission from Bullard, Roger A. and Hatton, Howard A. A Handbook on The Shorter Books of the Deuterocanon. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 2006. For this and other handbooks for translators see here.